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Cl-C^y 


A    SKETCH 


OF   THE   LIFE   OF 


JOSEPH  LEIDY,  M.D.,  LL.D 


W.  S.  W.  RUSCHENBERGER,  M.D. 


REPRINTED  APRIL   25,    1892,    FROM  PROC.  A1IER,  PHILOS.  SOC. ,  YOL.  XXX. 


Philadelphia  : 

MacCALLA  &  COMPANY, 

237-9  Dock  Street. 

1892. 


"HuJl. 


A  SKETCH 

OF   THE   LIFE   OF 

JOSEPH  LEIDT,  M.D.,  LL.D 


(Bead  before  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  April  1,  1892.) 


The  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  of  Philadelphia,  devoted  the 
stated  meeting  of  May  12,  1891,  to  commemorate  its  President,  Dr.  Joseph 
Leidy,  who  died  April  30.  The  meeting  was  very  large  and  impressive. 
Drs.  William  Hunt,  Harrison  Allen,  Henry  C.  Chapman,  James  Dar- 
rach,  Edward  J.  Nolan,  Prof.  Angelo  Heilprin  and  Mr.  Joseph  Wil- 
cox, by  appointment,  delivered  appropriate  addresses  ;  and  the  Rev.  Dr. 
H.  C.  McCook,  Mr.  Isaac  C.  Martindale,  Dr.  James  J.  Le'vick  and  others 
eulogized  the  dead  President. 

A  more  affectionate  tribute  has  seldom  been  paid  in  this  city  to  the 
memory  of  a  votary  of  science.  Ample  testimony  was  adduced  that  Dr. 
Leidy  had  attained  distinction  among  scientific  men  at  home  and  abroad, 
and  that  he  had  the  warm  sympathy  and  respectful  regard  of  all  those 
members  of  the  Society  with  whom  he  had  been  in  any  degree  associated. 

In  the  first  hours,  while  a  great  bereavement  is  still  fresh,  love  and 
admiration  so  obstruct  perception  that  the  extent  of  the  loss  sustained 
may  be  sometimes  overstated.  But  let  whoever  may  conjecture  that  in. 
this  instance  some  of  the  addresses  were  too  fervid,  consult  the  cold  rec- 
ords of  the  Academy  in  which  are  faithfully  set  down  his  works  since  he 
entered  the  Society,  and  he  will  find  that  they  justify  the  encomiums 
pronounced. 

Loyalty  to  truth  and  ingenuousness  were  shining  features  of  Dr.  Leidy's 
nature. 

The  first  paragraphs  of  Dr.  William  Hunt's  opening  address  on  Dr. 
Leidy's  personal  history  are  cited  here  in  illustration  : 

"It  is  fitting  that  we  imagine  the  beloved  subject  of  our  discourses  this 
evening  to  be  with  us  in  spirit,  as  he  doubtless  is  in  influence,  and  to  let 
him  introduce  himself  as  I  heard  him  do  in  Association  Hall  some  years 
ago  when  he  was  about  to  give  a  popular  lecture.  I  was  unexpectedly 
called  upon  to  introduce  him.  'What!'  said  I.  'Who  is  to  introduce 
the  introducer?  Here's  a  man  more  widely  known  to  the  city  and  to  the 
world  than  any  of  us.'     Dr.  Leidy,  hearing  the  conversation,  said  :  'Oh  I 


Dr.  Hunt,  keep  your  seat ;  I  don't  wish  to  be  introduced  ;  I'll  introduce 
myself.'     And,  stepping  to  the  rostrum,  he  spoke  in  this  way  : 

"  'My  name  is  Joseph  Leidy,  Doctor  of  Medicine.  I  was  born  in  this 
city  on  the  9th  of  September,  1823,  and  I  have  lived  here  ever  since.  My 
father  was  Philip  Leidy,  the  hatter,  on  Third  street  above  Vine.  My 
mother  was  Catherine  Mellick,  but  she  died  a  few  months  after  my  birth. 
My  father  married  her  sister,*  Christiana  Mellick,  and  she  was  the  mother  I 
have  known,  who  was  all  in  all  to  me,  the  one  to  whom  I  owe  all  that  I  am. 
At  an  early  age  I  took  great  delight  in  natural  history  and  in  noticing  all 
natural  objects.  I  have  reason  to  think  that  I  know  a  little  of  natural 
history,  and  a  little  of  that  little  I  propose  to  teach  you  to-night.'  " 

Dr.  Leidy's  ingenuous  introduction  of  himself  suggests  that  a  fuller 
account  of  his  ancestors  may  be  acceptable. 

Carl  Leidy,  the  forefather  of  the  American-born  Leidys,  came  to  Amer- 
ica from  Rhenish  Germany  in  the  early  part  of  the  eighteenth  century 
(about  1724),  and  settled  in  that  part  of  Penn's  province  which  now 
includes  Montgomery  and  Bucks  counties,  Pa.f 

*Erroneou$—  His  mother  died  May  28,  1825  (soon  after  her  son  Thomas  was  born), 
twenty  months  after  the  Doctor's  birth .  His  father's  second  wife  was  a  cousin  and  not 
a  sister  of  Dr.  Leidy's  mother,  as  stated.  See,  The  Story  of  an  Old  Farm,  or  Life  in  New 
Jersey  in  Eighteenth  Century.    By  Andrew  D.  Mellick,  Jr.,  Somerville,  New  Jersey,  1889. 

^Genealogical  Notes.— Carl  Leidy's  son,  Carl  Ludwig,  b.  Dec.  30, 1729,  and  his  wife,  Ursula 
Elizabeth,  b.  Feb.  8, 1731,  had  issue  :  (1)  John  Jacob,  b.  Nov.  7,  1753 ;  (2)  George  Heinrich , 
b.  Oct.  19,  1755;  (3)  Margaretta,  b.  Nov.  15,  1757;  (4)  Eva  Christina,  b.  Dec.  25,  1759 ;  (5) 
Anna,  b.  Oct.  1,  1761 ;  (6)  Magdalena,  b.  Dec.  18,  1763 ;  \J)  Carl,  b.  Aug.  20,  1765 ;  (8)  Anna 
Maria  Elizabeth,  b.  Feb.  24,  1768  ;  (9)  George  Ludwig,  b.  July  1,  1770  ;  (10 J  Maria  Cather- 
ine, b.  May,  1772.  Both  parents  and  children  were  natives  of  Hilltown  township,  Bucks 
county,  Pa. 

John  Jacob  Leidy,  the  first-barn  of  this  family,  m.  April  18,  1777,  Catherine,  b.  March 
16, 1757,  a  daughter  of  Christian  Comfort.  They  had  issue  :  (1)  Charles  Ludwig,  b.  Jan. 
7, 1778  ;  (2)  Henry,  b.  Jan.  12,  1779;  (3)  Catherine,  b.  May  16, 1780;  (4)  Maria  Margaretta, 
b.  March  1, 1781 ;  (5)  Jacob,  b.  Jan.  10, 1782 ;  (6)  Christian,  b.  Jan.  3, 1784  ;  (7)  George,  b. 
Oct.  7, 1786 ;  (8)  Conrad,  b.  Nov.  25, 1788  ;  (9)  Philip,  b.  Dec.  5, 1791,  d.  Oct.  9,  1862  ;  (10) 
Emanuel,  b.  Dec.  22, 1794 ;  (11)  Frances  Fanny,  b.  March  6,  1798.  All  were  natives  of 
Hilltown  township,  Bucks  county,  Pa. 

Philip  Leidy,  the  ninth  child  of  the  preceding  family,  m.  Oct.  6,  1818  (he  was  then 
settled  in  Philadelphia),  Catherine,  a  daughter  of  Peter  and  Rachel  Mellick.  She  was 
born  in  Bloom  township,  Columbia  county,  Pa.,  Jan.  27,  1790,  and  died  in  Philadelphia, 
May  28, 1825.  They  had  issue :  (1)  Peter,  b.  Dec.  28, 1819,  d.  Aug.  29, 1820  ;  (2)  Catherine, 
b.  Aug.  7, 1821,  d.  Nov.  20,  1822  ;  (3)  Joseph,  b.  Sept.  9,  1823,  d.  April  30,  1891 ;  (4)  Thomas, 
b.  May  21, 1825,  d.  April  20,  1870. 

Philip  Leidy  m.,  May  25,  1826,  Christiana  Taliana,  a  cousin  of  his  first  wife.  She  was 
born  in  Philadelphia,  July  29,  1797,  and  died  Jan.  6, 1881.  They  had  issue  :  (1)  Christiana 


The  name  first  appears  in  the  City  Directory  for  1809 — "  Leidy,  Jacob, 
shoemaker,  9  Summers'  Court."  Prior  to  that  year  the  Leidy s  probably 
lived  either  iu  Bucks  or  Montgomery  county.  All  of  them  who  exchanged 
a  country  for  a  city  residence  were  of  the  class  called  "plain  people," 
composed  of  well-to-do  and  respectable  workers — men  whose  individ- 
ual energies  when  united  constitute  the  national  strength  and  are  almost 
exclusively  the  progenitors,  in  aftermaths,  of  millionaires,  consequently 
of  aristocratoid  or  "first  families  "  and  gentry,  often  more  boastful  of  an- 
cestry than  of  creditable  achievement.  The  name  of  Philip  Leidy,  hatter, 
the  father  of  our  subject,  first  appears  in  the  City  Directory  for  1817,  and 
that  of  his  brother,  Conrad,  bootmaker,  in  1820.  At  those  dates  they 
were  established  in  business.  During  several  years  before  that  time  they 
resided  in  the  city.  Both  volunteered  in  the  War  of  1812-15  against  Great 
Britain  and  served  with  those  at  Camp  DuPont.  The  Leidys  named  in 
the  City  Directories  for  1809  and  for  several  years  thereafter  were  mostly 
mechanics,  makers  of  hats,  boots,  chairs,  etc.,  and  probably  had  been 
apprentices  and  learned  their  trades  in  the  city.  One  of  their  contempo- 
raries, now  an  influential  citizen  advanced  in  years,  remembers  that  "all 
the  Leidys  were  smart." 

Philip  Leidy,  who  was  born  in  Montgomery  county,  Pa.,  December  5, 
1791,  is  spoken  of  as  a  powerful  man  whose  stature  was  rather  more  than 
six  feet  and  in  every  way  well  proportioned.  Though  not  conspicuous 
for  mental  force  he  was  naturally  endowed  with  practical  good  sense. 
His  educational  acquirements  were  limited  ;  but  his  industry,  honesty  and 
frank  deportment  secured  him  confidence  and  respect  wherever  he  was 
known.  He  made  and  sold  hats,  did  a  good  business,  and  had  many  cus- 
tomers from  the  adjoining  counties  as  well  as  in  the  city.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  German  Lutheran  Church  in  New  street,  and  with  his  family 
habitually  attended  its  services. 

Dr.  Leidy  said  in  his  self-introduction,  every  word  in  a  halo  of  grateful 

T.,  b.  Feb.  22,  1827,  m.  June  4, 1839,  James  Cyrus  Umberger,  d.  Oct.  24, 1878;  (2)  Francis, 
b.  Dec.  14, 1828,  d.  June  3, 1856  ;  (3)  Asher,  b.  July  30, 1830,  d.  July  6,  1878  ;  (4)  Helen,  b. 
Sept.  30, 1833,  d.  Dec.  3, 1839 ;  (5)  Catherine  Mellick,  b.  March  28, 1837,  d.  Aug.  12, 1839  ; 
(6)  PhiLip,  b.  Dec.  29,  1838,  d.  April  29, 1891.    All  born  in  Philadelphia. 

Peter,  the  forefather  of  the  Mellick  family,  came  to  America  from  Rhenish  Germany 
about  the  close  of  the  sixteenth  century  (1695). 

German  and  English,  it  may  be  said,  were  vernacular  languages  to  the  members  of 
the  Leidy  and  Mellick  families  generally— the  German  came  to  them  as  a  birthright,  and 
English  from  their  environment. 


6 

love,  rny  stepmother  "was  the  only  mother  I  have  known,  who  was  all 
and  all  to  me,  the  one  to  whom  I  owe  all  that  I  am." 

Besides  being  notable  in  the  management  of  domestic  affairs,  she  pos- 
sessed a  large  share  of  tact  and  of  good  womanly  qualities.  She  was  in- 
tellectually the  superior  of  the  family,  had  literary  taste,  wrote  verses 
sometimes,  was  ambitious,  and  desired  that  her  children  should  be  well 
educated  and  that  her  sons  should  study  the  professions. 

Through  her  influence  Joseph,  at  the  age  of  about  ten  years,  was  sent 
to  the  Classical  Academy,  a  private  day-school  conducted  by  the  Rev. 
"William  Mann,  a  Methodist  clergyman.  There  he  studied  English  and 
read  Latin — Historia  Sacra,  Viri  Romae  and  Virgil — the  principal  being 
scrupulously  careful  that  his  pupils  should  understand  the  grammar. 
Probably  he  began  Greek  also. 

Minerals  and  plants  interested  him  at  an  early  age.  Mr.  Mann  encour- 
aged the  cultivation  of  this  taste.  One  day  an  itinerant  lecturer  from  the 
so-called  "Universal  Lyceum"  visited  the  school,  and,  by  permission, 
discoursed  about  mineralogy,  illustrating  his  lesson  with  specimens. 
Young  Leidy  was  so  much  interested  that  soon  after  he  procured  books 
on  mineralogy  and  botany  and  diligently  studied  them.  At  length  he 
became  so  fascinated  in  the  pursuit  that  he  often  absented  himself  from 
school  without  leave  to  seek  specimens  in  the  rural  districts  near  the  city. 
Parental  chidings  for  delinquencies  of  this  kiad  did  not  always  restrain 
him.  His  self-will  and  eagerness  to  hunt  for  minerals  and  plants  often 
caused  him  to  forget  those  admonitions  and  follow  the  inclination  of  the 
hour. 

The  conduct  of  the  boy,  his  spontaneous  ways,  are  in  many  instances 
forecasts,  in  outline,  of  the  characteristic  features  of  the  man  he  will 
become  ;  and  therefore  it  is  interesting  to  observe  those  surroundings 
which  may  influence  their  development. 

At  the  time  Joseph  entered  the  academy,  Mrs.  Burria,  a  respectable  col- 
ored woman,  a  widow,  lived  near  and  did  laundry  work  for  support.  Her 
son,  Cyrus,  a  bright  youth  a  few  years  older  than  Joseph,  was  errand  boy 
in  the  hatter's  shop.  His  chief  duty  was  to  deliver  hats  at  the  homes  of 
their  purchasers,  and  for  each  errand  of  the  kind  he  received  six  or  twelve 
cents,  according  to  the  distance  he  had  to  walk. 

There  were  then  three  schools  at  no  great  distance  apart.  Mr.  Collom 
and  Mr.  Livensetter  charged  three  dollars  a  quarter  for  each  pupil  and 
Mr.  Mann  twelve  dollars.     The  bovs  of  the  two  schools  were  at  war  with 


those  of  the  academy,  and  they  had  a  fight  whenever  they  met  in  the 
street. 

Apprehensive  that  her  son  might  be  assaulted  by  some  of  those  "rowdy 
boys,"  Mrs.  Leidy  engaged  Cyrus  to  accompany  him  to  school.  These 
two  became  intimate  friends  and  often  went  together  botanizing. 

Cyrus  Burris  is  now  a  well-preserved  man,  of  pleasant  deportment,  and 
of  more  than  seventy-five  years  of  age.  He  is  intelligent  and  has  a  reten- 
tive memory. 

In  answer  to  questions,  Cyrus  related  substantially  that  Mr.  Leidy  once 
took  all  his  family  for  a  picnic  out  where  Fortieth  and  Baring  streets  are 
now,  and  he  went  with  them  to  carry  things  and  be  useful.  At  that  time 
plenty  of  weeds  grew  on  the  side  of  the  hill.  They  at  once  attracted  the 
young  professor,  who  found  that  he  did  not  know  any  of  them.  But 
Cyrus,  who  had  been  brought  up  in  the  country,  near  Burlington,  N.  J., 
had  there  learned  to  know  and  name  the  herbs  and  weeds  in  his  neighbor- 
hood, was  able  to  tell  him  the  names  of  many  of  them.  This  show  of 
superior  information  pleased  him  so  much  that  afterwards  Cyrus  was  his 
chosen  companion  on  botanical  excursions. 

His  favorite  hunting  ground  was  along  the  banks  of  the  Schuylkill  and 
Wissahickon.  On  the  way,  on  one  of  their  early  walks,  they  strolled  into 
Mr.  Henry  Pratt's  famous  grounds  at  Lemon  Hill.  The  late  Mr.  Robert 
Kilvington,  a  practical  and  proficient  botanist,  then  had  charge  of  the 
hothouses  and  garden.  He  noticed  Leidy,  and  kindly  answered  his 
questions,  regarding  him  as  a  poor,  intelligent  boy  who  was  striving  to 
instruct  himself.  This  was  the  beginning  of  an  enduring  friendship.  In 
a  short  time  Mr.  Kilvington  cheerfully  assumed  to  be  his  systematic  in- 
structor, and,  after  his  pupil  had  become  distinguished,  complacently 
mentioned  to  friends  that  he  had  been  Leidy's  botanical  preceptor. 

On  one  occasion  Cyrus  and  the  young  professor  spent  a  whole  day  in 
Bartram's  garden,  near  Gray's  Ferry,  and  did  not  reach  home  till  night. 

"The  professor,"  as  Cyrus  styled  him,  "used  to  say  that  the  valley  of 
the  Wissahickon  was  the  best  place  in  the  neighborhood  to  find  plants. 
He  very  soon  knew  more  about  them  than  I  did.  Sometimes  we  went  all 
day  with  nothing  to  eat  but  raw  turnips  we  got  out  of  the  fields,  for  the 
old  man  was  stingy  of  spending-money  to  his  boys,  though  he  was  always 
a  bountiful  provider  of  the  very  best  things  in  the  market  for  them  at 
home.  Once  we  went  into  Jersey,  and  that  was  the  only  time  I  ever 
■cheated  the  professor.     We  saw  in  a  thick  bush  a  big  snake,  four  or  five 


8 

feet  long,  with  a  white  spot  under  his  throat.  The  professor  wanted  to 
catch  him,  so  he  gave  me  a  carpet  hag  to  hold  open  on  one  side  of  the 
hush  for  the  snake  to  run  into,  while  he  frightened  him  out  from  the 
other.  The  snake  came  hissing  along  towards  me.  I  jumped  aside — I 
couldn't  help  it — and  let  him  get  away,  but  I  never  let  on  that  I  was 
scared." 

In  the  course  of  his  schooldays  the  young  naturalist,  besides  gathering 
stones  and  plants,  caught  butterflies  and  bugs,  which  he  pinned  in  a  box 
prepared  for  the  purpose,  to  be  arranged  in  his  cabinets  at  home. 

Cyrus  stated,  among  other  things,  that  he  sometimes  acted  as  caterer 
and  waiter  for  the  lads  on  special  occasions  ;  and  that  whenever  the  boys 
came  into  the  hatter's  shop,  their  father  always  talked  to  them  in  German. 
He  also  said  that  Dr.  Leidy  had  taught  him  a  great  deal  about  plants  and 
their  medicinal  uses,  adding,  "Through  what  I  learned  from  him,  I  have 
been  able  through  many  years  to  make  a  decent  living." 

The  offspring  of  almost  constant  companionship  during  their  boyish 
days,  at  home  or  in  the  fields,  was  a  personal  sympathy,  a  friendship 
which,  to  the  credit  of  both,  was  life-long,  notwithstanding  the  extreme 
difference  and  distance  between  the  social  places  each  occupied  in  adult 
age.  The  professor  gave  him,  at  different  times,  several  books  on  medi- 
cine, and  among  them  his  Elementary  Treatise  on  Anatomy,  in  which  is 
written,  "To  Cyrus  Burris,  from  his  old  friend,  the  author."  These  are 
Cyrus'  treasures.  He  quietly  but,  no  doubt,  proudly  shows  them  to  a 
favored  few. 

The  future  professor  did  not  own  shinny  or  hockey  stick,  kite,  skates 
nor  ball ;  never  played  marbles,  nor  whistled  nor  hummed  a  tune  at  any 
time. 

He  was  a  good  boy  in  school,  always  neat  and  tidy,  and  never  joined 
his  schoolmates  in  their  out-of-door  sports  during  the  hour  of  daily 
"recess,"  but  sat  the  while  at  his  desk,  pencil  in  hand,  portraying  some 
natural  object,  as  a  snail  shell,  carefully  and  beautifully  shading  it,  or 
drawing  caricatures  suggested  by  acts  of  his  fellow-pupils. 

He  had  no  teaching  to  develop  this  talent.  The  high  artistic  skill 
which  he  acquired  was  exclusively  due  to  self-cultivation.  A  small  book 
of  his  portraits  of  shells,  dated  February,  1833,  has  been  preserved,  which 
show  his  skill  with  a  pencil  in  his  tenth  year. 

According  to  his  school  champion,  who,  the  boy  always  declared  was 
the  best  Greek  scholar  in  the  academy,  "Joseph  Leidy  never  sized  up  to 
the  other  boys." 


9 

His  schooldays  ended  in  his  sixteenth  year,  probably  about  the  last  of 
July,  1839. 

His  worldly  condition  required  that  he  should  now  be  taught  some  art 
by  which  to  earn  a  livelihood.  As  he  had  manifested  at  an  early  age  un- 
common aptitude  in  draughting  and  drawing,  his  father  conjectured  that 
he  would  best  succeed  as  a  sign  painter.  But  the  son,  who  had  passed 
much  of  his  leisure  in  the  wholesale  drug  store  of  his  cousin,  Napoleon 
B.  Leidy,  M.D.,  "physician  and  druggist,"  as  the  City  Directory  styled 
him,  fancied  that  he  would  rather  be  an  apothecary. 

In  compliance  with  his  preference  he  was  placed  with  an  apothecary 
and  in  the  course  of  a  few  months  acquired  such  a  degree  of  knowledge 
of  drugs  and  the  method  of  compounding  them,  that  he  was  considered 
qualified  to  be  left  in  temporary  charge  of  the  retail  business. 

His  loving  stepmother,  however,  was  not  satisfied.  She  seemed  sure 
that  there  was  in  him  the  making  of  a  successful  physician.  Her  argu- 
ments at  last  prevailed.  With  the  consent  of  his  father,  rather  reluctantly 
given,  it  was  agreed  that  he  should  study  medicine. 

In  the  autumn  of  1840,  he  became  a  pupil  of  Dr.  James  McClintock, 
then  a  private  teacher  of  anatomy  in  College  avenue.  His  father's  prop  - 
osition  to  pay  the  preceptor's  fee  in  hats  was  accepted,  but  the  settle- 
ments provoked  dispute  and  at  last  estrangement  of  the  parties. 

Parts  of  1840  and  1841,  more  than  a  year,  were  devoted  to  practical 
anatomy  under  the  able  instruction  of  Dr.  McClintock.  During  the  first 
half  of  1841  he  parted  from  Dr.  McClintock,  who,  having  accepted  the 
office  of  Professor  of  Anatomy  in  the  Castleton  Medical  College,  in  Ver- 
mont, removed  from  Philadelphia  in  1842. 

Leidy  matriculated  at  the  University,  October  26,  1841,  and  was  under 
the  instruction  of  Dr.  Paul  B.  Goddard,  then  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy 
in  the  University  and  Prof.  Horner's  prosector.  He  was  a  promising 
surgeon,  a  man  of  bright  qualities.  In  conjunction  with  Mr.  Robert 
Cornelius  he  was  the  first  in  Philadelphia  to  make  a  daguerreotype.  He 
devoted  his  leisure  evenings  in  his  office,  with  a  few  intimate  friends,  to 
microscopic  studies,  and  there  young  Leidy  received  his  first  lessons  in  the 
use  of  the  microscope. 

Having  attended  three  courses  of  lectures  and  submitted  a  thesis  on  The 
comparative  anatomy  of  the  eye  of  vertebrated  animals,  the  degree  of  Doctor 
of  Medicine  was  conferred  upon  him,  April  4,  1844,  by  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania. 


10 

In  the  year  after  graduation,  he  was  an  assistant  in  the  laboratory  of  Dr. 
Robert  Hare,  Professor  of  Chemistry,  during  six  weeks,  and  then  entered 
that  of  Dr.  James  B.  Rogers,  lecturer  on  Chemistry  in  the  Medical  In- 
stitute of  Philadelphia,  from  1841,  and  remained  there  through  the 
summer  course.  On  the  retirement  of  Dr.  Hare,  in  1847,  Dr.  Rogers 
succeeded  him  in  the  University.* 

He  was  now  prepared  to  begin  the  practice  of  any  branch  of  medicine 
he  might  prefer,  but  he  had  yet  to  learn  how  to  make  the  profession  of 
commercial  value  to  himself.  No  plan  of  proceeding  was  immediately 
formed.  In  August,  1844,  on  foot  with  several  companions,  he  visited 
Harvey's  lake,  Bethlehem,  Mauch  Chunk  ;  also  the  Beaver  Meadow  and 
Hazleton  coal  mines.  In  a  letter  to  a  sister  he  wrote  :  ' '  Pedestriauated  to 
"Wilkesbarre  and  arrived  at  Berwick  yesterday,  August  28,  having  walked 
from  the  lake  to  this  place,  thirty-five  miles,  the  longest  distance  I 
have  ever  walked  in  one  day." 

In  the  autumn  he  opened  an  office,  No.  211  North  Sixth  street,  hoping 
to  obtain  employment  as  a  general  practitioner.  But  the  business  which 
came  to  him  during  two  years'  trial  did  not  promise  a  satisfactory  living, 
and  therefore  he  determined  to  devote  himself  exclusively  to  teaching. 
Possibly  his  failure  to  obtain  practice  was  ascribable  in  some  degree  to 
lack  of  due  attention  to  patients.  Years  after  this  time,  to  show  how 
intently  attractive  comparative  anatomy  was  to  him,  he  related  to  his 
private  class  that  on  one  occasion  he  was  so  absorbed  in  his  office  studying 
the  anatomy  of  a  worm  that  he  totally  forgot  that  he  had  been  called  to 
an  obstetric  case  which  he  had  engaged  to  attend.  Later  in  life  he  would 
have  felt  that  unbridled  eagerness  to  learn  the  structure  of  a  worm  is  an 
inadequate  plea  for  forgetting  a  professional  or  other  engagement. 

An  unhappy  experience,  which  occurred  shortly  after  he  began  the 
practice,  tended  to  disgust  him  with  it  and  may  have  been  one  reason 
among  others  why  he  abandoned  it.  Ten  years  afterwards  he  narrated 
substantially  that,  called  to  a  child  suffering  "with  all  the  symptoms  of 
tubercular  meningitis,"  he  informed  the  parents  that  medicine  in  such  a 
case  is  inefficacious.     Nevertheless,  they  requested  him  to  visit  it.     At 

*  Biographical  Notice  of  Joseph  Leidy,  M.D.  By  the  Editor.  "  The  New  Jersey 
Medical  Reporter  and  Transactions  of  the  New  Jersey  Medical  Society."  Edited  by 
Joseph  Parrish,  M.D.,  Burlington,  N.  J.  Published  by  S.  W.  Butler,  M.D.  Ninth  month, 
September  30, 1853,  Vol.  vi,  No.  2.  It  is  understood  that  this  notice  had  the  approval  of 
Dr.  Leidy. 


11 

the  end  of  a  week  a  much  older  practitioner  was  called,  and  attended  the 
child  till  it  died.  He  then  "informed  the  parents  that  he  could  have 
saved  the  life  of  the  patient  had  he  been  called  at  the  time  of  Dr.  Leidy's 
first  visit."  * 

In  1845,  on  the  resignation  of  Dr.  Goddard  and  the  appointment  of  Dr. 
John  Neill,  Demonstrator,  in  his  place,  the  Professor  of  Anatomy, 
Dr.  Horner,  appointed  Dr.  Leidy  his  prosector.  In  1846  he  was  chosen 
Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  in  the  Franklin  Medical  College,  but  resigned 
the  office  at  the  close  of  the  session,  in  1847,  resumed  his  position  with  Dr. 
Horner  and  delivered  to  his  students  a  private  course  of  lectures  on 
Human  Anatomy. 

He  indulged  himself  with  a  short  vacation  in  July,  1846,  and  visited  his 
friends,  Messrs.  Haldemann,  at  Chickies,  Pa. 

While  his  kinsman,  Dr.  N.  B.  Leidy,  was  Coroner  of  the  County  of 
Philadelphia  (1845-48),  he  acted  as  Coroner's  Physician  and  received  fees 
for  the  autopsies  he  made. 

In  the  spring  of  1848,  impaired  health  induced  Prof.  Horner  to 
visit  Europe.  He  invited  his  friend,  Dr.  Leidy,  to  be  his  travel- 
ing companion.  They  sailed  in  April  and  returned  in  September. 
In  England,  Germany  and  France  they  "visited  hospitals  and  anatomical 
museums,  and  sought  out  eminent  anatomists  and  surgeons."  Dr.  Leidy 
witnessed  in  Paris,  June  20,  some  vivisection  experiments  by  Magendie, 
in  his  physiological  laboratory,  which  interested  him.  They  "were  in 
Vienna  while  the  revolutionary  movements  were  in  progress  :"  and 
"were  also  in  Paris  during  the  fierce  conflicts  from  23d  to  26th  of  June  ; 
and  during  several  days  afterwards  they  "witnessed  in  the  hospitals, 
filled  with  wounded,  every  variety  of  gunshot  wound  and  the  modes  of 
treatment  pursued. "f 

On  his  return  from  Europe,  in  the  autumn,  Dr.  Leidy  delivered  a  course 
of  lectures  on  Microscopic  Anatomy;  and  in  the  spring  of  1849  began  a 

*  See  p.  16,  Valedictory  Address  to  the  class  of  medical  graduates  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  delivered  at  the  public  commencement,  March  27,  1858.  By  Joseph 
Leidy,  M.D.,  Professor  of  Anatomy.  Published  by  the  Graduating  Class.  Collins, 
Printer,  Philadelphia,  1858. 

tA  discourse  commemorative  of  William  E.  Horner,  M.D.,  Professor  of  Anatomy, 
delivered  before  the  Faculty  and  students  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  October 
10, 1853.  By  Samuel  Jackson,  M.D.,  Professor  of  the  Institutes  of  Medicine.  Published 
by  the  Class,  Philadelphia,  1853. 


12 

course  on  Physiology  in  the  Medical  Institute  of  Philadelphia,  which  the 
condition  of  his  health  required  him  to  abandon.* 

He  edited  Qwain's  Human  Anatomy,  which  was  published  June,  1849, 
by  Lea  &  Blanchard. 

An  interesting  event  enabled  Dr.  Leidy  to  go  abroad  again  under  very 
favorable  circumstances.  Dr.  George  B.  Wood,  who  was  elected  May,  1850, 
Professor  of  the  Practice  of  Medicine  in  place  of  Dr.  Nathaniel  Chapman, 
resigned,  desired  to  collect  in  Europe  models,  casts,  preparations,  etc., 
suitable  for  objective  illustration  of  his  future  courses  of  instruction. 
Aware  of  the  artistic  judgment  of  Dr.  Leidy,  and  of  his  recently  acquired 
knowledge  of  localities  in  which  objects  adapted  to  his  purpose  could  be 
purchased,  Dr.  Wood  easily  persuaded  him  to  be  his  companion  and 
assistant  in  hunting  and  selecting  desirable  specimens. 

Dr.  Wood  had  proved,  while  Professor  of  Materia  Medica  from  October, 
1835,  till  May,  1850,  that  placing  before  his  class  appropriate  objects  illus- 
trative of  his  subject  is  superior,  more  successful  than  the  purely  oral  and 
didactic  method  of  instruction.  For  this  reason  he  was  confident  that  it 
would  be  equally  useful,  though  perhaps  more  difficult  to  accomplish,  in 
teaching  that  to  which  materia  medica  is  merely  subservient.  With  special 
reference  to  his  intended  system  of  instruction,  he  visited  the  most  cele- 
brated schools  in  Europe,  and  at  a  cost  of  many  thousands  of  dollars,  pur- 
chased models,  castings  and  drawings  of  many  pathological  specimens. 
"  These  formed  a  cabinet  of  morbid  representations  unique  in  this  country, 
and  supplied  material  for  a  course  of  medical  tuition  which  was  as 
instructive  and  satisfactory  as  it  was  interesting  and  novel,  "f 

Dr.  Wood  was  the  first  to  teach  the  practice  of  medicine  in  a  series  of 
"object  lessons,"  by  placing  before  his  class  models,  casts,  etc.,  appro- 
priate to  the  illustration  of  each  lecture. 

At  the  end  of  his  holidays  in  Europe,  Dr.  Leidy  resumed  his  routine 
work  in  the  University.  He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians of  Philadelphia,  August,  1851.  He  seemed  to  be  not  much  interested 
in  the  pursuits  of  the  Society;  seldom  attended  its  meetings,  and  was  not 
a  contributor  to  its  Transactions.^    He  was  Secretary  of  the  Committee  on 

'Sketch  of  Joseph  Leidy.  By  Edward  J.  Nolan.  The  Popular  Science  Montldy ,  September, 
1880.    This  sketch  was  read  and  approved  by  Dr.  Leidy. 

t  Memoir  of  George  B.  Wood,  M.D.,  LL.D.  By  S.  Littell,  M.D.  (read  October  1, 1879). 
Transactions  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia,  Vol.  xii,  1881. 

J  At  a  meeting  of  the  College,  May  5, 1886,  he  related  that  he  had  recently  examined 
three  nematoid  worms,  found  in  the  intestines  of  young  cats,  sent  to  him  from  Chicago, 


13 

Lectures,  under  the  Mutter  Trust,  from  January,  1864,  and  kept  a  neat 
record  of  its  proceedings.  In  November,  1883,  "on  account  of  his  scien- 
tific achievements,"  the  College  exempted  him  from  future  payment  of 
annual  contributions. 

He  lectured  on  Physiology  in  the  Medical  Institute  of  Philadelphia  in 
the  summer  courses  of  1851  and  1852. 

He  was  appointed  in  1852  Pathologist  to  St.  Joseph's  Hospital,  a  purely 
nominal  position. 

Failing  health  had  disabled  Prof.  Horner.  With  approval  of  the  Trus- 
tees and  the  Medical  Faculty  of  the  University,  Dr.  Leidy,  as  his  substi- 
tute, delivered  the  course  of  lectures  on  Anatomy  for  1852-53. 

Dr.  Horner  died  March  13,  1853,  and  in  May  Dr.  Leidy  was  elected 
Professor  of  Anatomy. 

He  was  yet  in  the  thirtieth  year  of  his  age.  His  educational  opportuni- 
ties and  collateral  advantages  may  have  been  less  than  those  of  his  pre- 
decessor and  friend,  but  from  the  hour  he  resolved  to  be  a  teacher  he 
probably  hoped  some  day  to  fill  a  Professor's  Chair.  The  unremitting 
exercise  of  his  natural  abilities,  his  ever  eager  quest  of  knowledge  enabled 
him  to  publish,  prior  to  this  time,  many  works  which  won  for  him  praise 
•and  a  name,  and  proved  him  to  be  an  eligible  candidate,  and,  after  an 
unusual  trial  of  his  aptitude  for  the  office,  fairly  secured  his  preferment. 

A  brief  notice  of  his  predecessors  in  the  same  Chair  is  submitted  to  show 
in  what  respects  he  resembled  them. 

The  medical  department  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  has  always 
been  happy  in  selecting  men  of  marked  ability  and  acquirements  to  fill  its 
professorships.  At  the  start  the  Trustees  elected  (September,  1765)  two 
professors.  Dr.  John  Morgan,  to  whom  the  credit  of  founding  the  Medi- 
cal School  of  the  University  belongs,  was  appointed  Professor  of  Medicine, 
which  embraced  the  practice  of  physic,  materia  medica  and  pharma- 
ceutical chemistry,  and  Dr.  William  Shippen,  Jr.,  Professor  of  Anatomy 
and  Surgery,  when  he  was  twenty-nine  years  of  age.     He  also  taught 

and  read  a  letter  from  Durango,  Mexico,  reporting  the  great  prevalence  of  scorpions  in 
that  district.  He  also  exhibited  "  photographs  of  trichinae  in  the  flesh  of  the  pig."  In 
answer  to  a  remark  by  a  Fellow  of  the  College  that  it  had  been  repeatedly  stated  in 
Berlin  that  the  trichinse  had  been  found  there  in  the  pig,  prior  to  the  time  when  Dr.  Leidy 
announced  his  discovery  of  it,  he  said :  "  I  believe  mine  was  the  first  notice  of  the  para- 
site occurring  in  the  pig."  Transactions  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia,  third 
series,  Vol.  viii,  1886,  pp.  41-43. 


14 

midwifery.  Their  first  courses  of  lectures  began  in  November,  1765.  He 
was  an  eminent  general  practitioner  of  medicine  and  a  surgeon  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Hospital  during  nearly  twelve  years. 

Dr.  Caspar  Wistar,  at  the  age  of  thirty-one  years,  was  appointed,  Janu- 
ary, 1792,  adjunct,  and  after  the  death  of  Dr.  Shippen,  July  11,  1808, 
Professor  of  Anatomy. 

Desirous  to  improve  the  method  of  teaching  anatomy,  Dr.  Wistar  had 
made  gigantic  models,  exactly  proportioned,  of  several  minute  and  intri- 
cate structures — of  the  internal  ear,  for  instance — which  he  used  as  objec- 
tive illustrations  of  his  lectures. 

His  collection  of  numerous  models  and  anatomical  preparations  was 
presented,  after  his  death,  by  his  family  to  the  University,  and  by  resolu- 
tion of  the  Trustees,  styled  "The  Wistar  Museum." 

Dr.  Wistar  published,  in  1811,  A  System  of  Anatomy,  which  was  a  text- 
book during  many  years.  He  was  versed  in  botany,  mineralogy  and 
chemistry.  He  was  a  surgeon  of  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital  more  than 
sixteen  years,  and  always  among  the  most  eminent  and  beloved  practi- 
tioners of  medicine  in  the  community. 

On  the  death  of  Dr.  Wistar,  January  22,  1818,  Dr.  John  Syng  Dorsey 
was  appointed,  but  died  November  13,  1818,  a  week  after  the  delivery  of 
his  introductory  lecture.  The  course  on  anatomy  for  1818-19  was  com- 
pleted by  Dr.  Physick.with  the  assistance  of  Dr.  William  E.  Horner. 

Dr.  Philip  Syng  Physick,  an  eminent  surgeon,  who  had  been  Professor 
of  Surgery  from  June  4,  1805,  was  elected  Professor  of  Anatomy  July  13, 
1819,  and  resigned  in  1831.  He  was  a  surgeon  of  the  Pennsylvania  Hos- 
pital for  twenty-two  years,  and  rendered  important  services  to  the  public 
during  the  epidemics  of  yellow  fever  in  1793  and  1798. 

Dr.  William  E.  Horner  was  elected  adjunct  in  1820  and  Professor  of 
Anatomy  in  1831.  He  was  a  native  of  Virginia,  and  had  been  a  surgeon's 
mate  in  the  Army  of  the  United  States  from  1813  to  March,  1815,  and  served 
on  the  Niagara  frontier  in  the  war  of  that  period. 

Dr.  Wistar  appointed  him,  March,  1816,  his  prosector,  at  an  annual  salary 
of  $500. 

From  1820  he  was  a  surgeon  of  the  Philadelphia  Almshouse  during 
twenty-four  years.  His  private  practice  was  large.  In  1823  he  published 
A  Treatise  on  Practical  Anatomy ;  in  1826,  A  Treatise  on  the  Special 
Anatomy  of  the  Human  Body,  in  two  octavo  volumes,  which  passed 
through  eight  editions,  and  at  different  times  contributed  valuable  papers 
to  the  medical  journals. 


15 

The  numerous  pathological  and  anatomical  preparations  made  hy  him- 
self, which  were  appraised  at  $10,000,  he  bequeathed  to  the  Wistar 
Museum.  In  acknowledgment  of  this  valuable  bequest,  the  Trustees  of 
the  University  decreed  that  it  should  be  named  thenceforward  the  "Wistar 
and  Horner  Museum. 

The  anatomical  chair,  under  the  lustre  shed  upon  it  by  the  professional 
skill  and  eminence  of  its  occupants,  had  become  notably  conspicuous. 
They  resembled  each  other  so  much  in  their  works  and  ways  that  it 
seems  not  difficult  to  imagine  that  a  kind  of  composite  portrait  of  Shippen, 
"Wistar,  Physick  and  Horner  may  ever  mark  the  Chair  which  they  in  suc- 
cession so  admirably  rilled  from  1765  to  1853,  about  eighty-seven  years, 
before  Dr.  Leidy  was  installed. 

The  University  of  Pennsylvania  appointed  Dr.  Leidy  its  delegate  to  the 
American  Medical  Association  in  1854  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  and  in  1872  at 
Philadelphia,  but  he  did  not  directly  contribute  to  its  Transactions  at 
either  meeting.  The  Committees  of  the  Association  on  Medical  Literature 
and  on  Medical  Science  cited  with  encomium  his  papers,  On  the  Compara- 
tive Structure  of  the  Liver  ;  On  the  Intimate  Structure  and  History  of  the 
Articular  Cartilages ;  On  the  Intermaxillary  Bone  in  the  Embryo  of  the 
Human  Subject,  published  in  the  "American  Journal  of  the  Medical 
Sciences,"  for  1848  and  1849,  and  On  Parasitic  Life,  printed  in  the 
Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia. 

Dr.  Leidy  was  on  the  list  of  permanent  members  of  the  Association  from 
1854  to  1876.  At  the  St.  Louis  meeting  he  was  appointed  Chairman  of  a 
Committee  on  Diseases  of  Parasitic  Origin,  and  member  of  a  Committee  on 
Prize  Essays,  but  no  report  from  either  has  been  recorded. 

In  1861  he  published  An  Elementary  Treatise  on  Human  Anatomy,  and 
in  1889,  a  second  edition,  revised  and  enlarged,  the  work  having  been  out 
of  print  many  years.  The  illustrations  are  largely  from  his  own 
drawings  of  many  recent  dissections  made  by  him  in  connection  with  this 
work.  A  peculiar  feature  of  the  volume  is  that  English  names  of  the 
parts  are  given  in  the  text,  and  their  old  Latin  names  in  footnotes,  under 
a  belief  that  the  subject  thus  presented  would  be  more  readily  understood 
by  students. 

Philip  Leidy,  the  father  of  the  professor,  died  October  9,  1862,  in  the 
sixty-seventh  year  of  his  age. 

In  1862,  when  the  "Satterlee,"  a  U.  S.  Army  Hospital,  was  established 
in  West  Philadelphia,  Surgeon  I.  I.  Hayes,  U.  S.  V.,  in  charge,  a  num- 


16 

ber  of  leading  teachers  and  medical  practitioners  of  Philadelphia  volun- 
teered their  services  as  ward  physicians,  and  received  contracts  as  acting 
assistant  surgeons.  To  Dr.  Leidy  was  assigned  the  task  of  conducting 
the  autopsies  and  reporting  them,  from  time  to  time,  to  the  Surgeon- 
General  of  the  Army.  A  number  of  pathological  specimens  prepared  by 
him  accompanied  his  reports.  They  have  been  preserved  in  the  Army 
Medical  Museum  in  Washington.  He  made  about  sixty  autopsies,  of 
which  his  reports  are  published  in  "The  Medical  and  Surgical  History  of 
the  War  of  the  Rebellion."*  In  this  capacity  he  served  from  1862  to 
1865. 

His  brother,  Dr.  Philip  Leidy,  was  assistant  surgeon  of  the  106th 
Pennsylvania  Infantry  from  November  1,  1861,  till  September,  1862, 
when  he  was  appointed  surgeon  of  the  119th  Regiment  of  Infantry,  and 
served  in  the  field  till  he  was  honorably  discharged,  June  19,  1865.  He 
was  present  in  nearly  all  the  battles  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  evinc- 
ing courage  and  devotion  to  his  duties  "with  the  rare  qualities  of  a  gifted 
man."  His  official  reports  to  the  Surgeon-General  are  published  in  the 
history  above  named. 

Dr.  Joseph  Leidy  was  appointed  a  member  of  the  Sanitary  Commission 
Association,  April  3,  1862;  and  September  11,  "The  State  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, Executive  Office  of  the  Military  Department  at  Harrisburg," 
appointed  him  Chief  Surgeon  within  the  old  limits  of  the  city  of  Phila- 
delphia. 

August,  1864,  he  married  Anna,  a  daughter  of  Robert  Harden,  of 
Louisville,  Ky.  To  compensate  for  the  sterility  of  this  union,  they  some 
years  afterwards  adopted  the  infant  daughter  of  a  deceased  friend.  Dr. 
Leidy  told  the  writer  that  had  this  dear  child  been  his  own  he  could  not 
have  loved  her  more.  He  was  fond  of  children.  The  crying  or  hilarious 
romping  of  the  playmates  of  his  young  daughter  in  the  study  did  not  in 
the  least  degree  disturb  or  divert  him  from  his  work. 

Since  his  reports  to  the  Surgeon-General  of  the  Army  the  only  paper  con- 
nected with  the  science  of  medicine  from  his  pen  found  in  print  is  an  essay 
on  Intestinal  Worms,  included  in  A  System  of  Practical  Medicine  by  Ameri- 
can Authors,  edited  by  William  Pepper,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  etc.,  assisted  by 
Louis  Starr,  M.D.,  etc.,  published  by  Lea,  Brothers  &  Co.,  Philadelphia, 
1888.  This  essay — largely  derived  from  foreign  publications — occupies 
thirty-five  pages  of  the  second  volume.     At  the  close  of  this  paper,  Dr. 

*  Vol.  i,  Part  i,  and  Vol.  ii.  Parts  i  and  ii. 


17 

Leidy  states  that  for  much,  of  his  information  he  is  indebted  to  the  articles 
on  "Intestinal  Parasites  "  and  "Diseases  from  Migratory  Parasites,"  in 
Ziemssen's  Encyclopadia  of  the  Practice  of  Medicine. 

After  he  relinquished  practice  to  devote  himself  exclusively  to  teaching, 
no  branch  of  the  healing  art  attracted  or  practically  engaged  his  attention. 
From  this  circumstance  his  father,  who  unwillingly  consented  that  he 
might  study  medicine,  was  probably  led  to  say  that  "  a  first-class  sign- 
painter  had  been  spoiled  to  make  a  poor  doctor." 

Dr.  Leidy  delivered  courses  of  lectures  on  comparative  anatomy  in  the 
University,  and  on  pure  human  anatomy  as  part  of  the  medical  curriculum, 
seldom  adverting  to  its  useful  applications  in  surgery  or  the  practice  of 
medicine,  but  not  merely  for  the  sake  of  imparting  knowledge  of  his  sub- 
ject. He  carefully  taught  human  anatomy  as  a  means  of  self-mainte- 
nance. And  within  his  domain  he  zealously  wrought  to  promote  the 
welfare  of  the  medical  department  of  the  University,  the  principal  source 
of  his  livelihood.  This  was  his  serious  occupation,  his  work,  which  to 
all  concerned  was  always  acceptably  done,  during  thirty -eight  years.  In 
all  that  period  he  was  absent  from  his  post  through  indisposition,  at  dif- 
ferent times,  in  the  aggregate,  only  five  days. 

His  pastime,  while  not  engaged  in  his  appointed  task,  was  somewhat 
different  though  not  less  laborious.  To  increase  knowledge  of  natural 
things,  animate  or  inanimate,  gigantic  or  microscopic,  seemed  to  be  a 
ruling  passion  ;  and,  like  a  true  huntsman,  he  cared  less  for  the  capture 
than  for  the  pleasure  of  pursuing  his  game. 

It  may  be  truly  said  that  Dr.  Leidy  was  born  to  be  a  naturalist.  To  his 
innate  ability  to  perceive  the  minutest  variations  in  the  forms  and  color 
of  things  was  united  artistic  aptitude  of  a  high  order.  These  natural  facul- 
ties, in  continuous  exercise  almost  from  his  infantile  days,  and  his  love  of 
accuracy,  enabled  him  to  detect  minute  differences  and  resemblances  of 
all  objects,  and  to  correctly  describe  and  portray  them.  Besides,  nothing, 
however  small,  that  came  within  the  scope  of  his  vision,  while  walking 
or  riding,  escaped  his  notice. 

He  says  (p.  294)  of  his  work  on  Fresh  Water  Ehizopods,  1879  :  "The 
study  of  natural  history  in  the  leisure  of  my  life,  since  I  was  fourteen 
years  of  age,  has  been  to  me  a  constant  source  of  happiness,  and  my  expe- 
rience of  it  is  such  that,  independently  of  its  higher  merits,  I  warmly 
recommend  it,  than  which,  I  believe,  no  other  can  excel  it.  At  the  same 
time,  observing  the  modes  of  life  of  those  around  me,  it  has  been  a  matter 
2 


18 

of  unceasing  regret  that  so  few,  so  very  few  people  give  attention  to  intel- 
lectual pursuits  of  any  kind." 

His  first  important  work  in  natural  history  was  hegun  in  the  winter 
of  1844,  at  the  instance  of  Mr.  Amos  Binney,  President  of  the  Boston 
Society  of  Natural  History.  It  is  entitled,  Special  Anatomy  of  the  Ter- 
restrial Gasteropoda  of  the  United  States.  By  Joseph  Leidy,  M.D.,  of 
Philadelphia.  Quarto,  pp.  169  ;  illustrated  by  16  plates,  containing  120 
figures. 

This  admirable  essay  is  included  in  the  first  of  the  three  handsome  vol- 
umes of  Mr.  Binney's  work.*  In  the  Preface  Mr.  Binney  says  :  "The 
author  is  gratified  in  announcing  that  the  anatomical  details  of  the  species, 
together  with  the  dissections  and  drawings,  are  exclusively  due  to  the 
labors  of  Joseph  Leidy,  M.D.,  of  Philadelphia.  They  constitute  the  most 
novel  and  important  accessions  to  science  contained  in  the  work,  and  are 
an  honorable  evidence  of  a  skill  and  industry  which  entitle  him  to  a  high 
rank  among  philosophical  zoologists." 

Dr.  Leidy,  in  1845,  contributed  three  papers — anatomical  descriptions 
of  mollusks  named — to  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,  which  were 
published  either  in  its  Journal  or  Proceedings. 

On  nomination  by  Dr.  Samuel  George  Morton  and  Messrs.  John  S. 
Phillips  and  John  Cassin,  Dr.  Leidy  was  elected  a  member  of  the  A.cademy 
of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  July  29,  1845,  then  at  the  northwest 
corner  of  Broad  and  Sansom  streets. 

At  that  period  natural  history  interested  comparatively  few  persons  in 
the  community,  and  by  those  few  was  regarded  chiefly  as  a  rational 
pastime. 

A  brief  retrospect  of  the  subject,  which  is  nearly  associated  with  Dr. 
Leidy's  career,  may  be  permitted  to  recall  its  ancient  standing  and  prog  - 
ress  in  public  estimation. 

John  Hyacinth  de  Magellan,  of  London,  in  1786,  gave  to  the  American 
Philosophical  Society  (of  which  he  was  chosen  a  member  January,  1784) 
two  hundred  guineas,  to  be  a  permanent  fund,  the  interest  thereof  to  be 
annually  awarded  by  the  Society  in  premiums  "to  the  author  of  the  best 

*  The  Terrestrial  Air-breathing  Mollusks  of  the  United  States  and  the  Adjacent  Territories  of 
North  America ;  described  and  illustrated.  By  Amos  Binney.  Edited  by  Augustus  A. 
Gould.  Charles  C.  Little  and  James  Brown,  Boston,  1851.  Quarto,  Vol.  i,  pp.  366,  16  plates  ; 
Vol.  ii,  pp.  362,  74  plates ;  Vol.  iii,  pp.  183,57  plates. 

Mr.  Binney  died  February  18, 1847. 


19 


discovery  or  the  most  useful  invention,  relating  to  navigation,  astronomy 
or  natural  philosophy  (mere  natural  history  only  excepted)."* 

This  exception,  though  seemingly  contemptuous,  was  wise.  Had  natu- 
ralists been  eligible  to  receive  those  premiums,  Dr.  Leidy  alone,  who 
almost  annually  discovered  many  genera  and  species,  might  have  earned 
the  whole  income  of  the  fund.  Magellan's  opinion,  which  was  probably 
common  in  his  day,  seems  to  have  been  that  to  discover  and  describe 
natural  species  of  any  kind  is  comparatively  so  easy,  requires  so  little 
inventive  aptitude  and  intellectual  force,  and  the  discovery  itself  imports 
so  little  to  the  good  of  mankind  that  such  work  needs  no  encouragement. 
A  century's  experience  has  modified  this  notion  in  many  respects. 

Natural  history  attracted  very  little  attention  in  Philadelphia  during  the 
first  quarter  of  the  present  century.  There  were  some  botanists, but  very 
few  were  interested  in  other  branches  of  natural  science. 

A  half  dozen  gentlemen  who,  at  chance  meetings,  often  discussed  ques- 
tions connected  with  the  subject,  formally  assembled,  January,  1812,  at 
the  residence  of  one  of  them,  to  form  a  natural  history  society.  They 
styled  themselves  "Friends  of  science  and  rational  disposal  of  leisure 
moments."  After  due  consideration  at  several  meetings  they  founded, 
March  21,  1812,  "The  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia." 

To  rationally  dispose  of  leisure  moments ;  to  foster  peaceful  study  of 
natural  things,  as  a  wholesome  diversion  of  the  mind  from  the  mental 
weariness  and  waste  incident  to  idlers,  quite  as  harmless,  and  more  useful 
than  contending  at  a  game  of  chess  ;  and  to  communicate  freely  to  each 
other,  as  well  as  to  the  world,  the  results  of  their  studies  and  spontaneous 
investigations  were  the  chief  motives  which  led  its  members  to  institute 
the  Society  and  promote  its  progress. 

Many  books  of  reference,  to  tell  students  what  had  been  already  ascer- 
tained, and  collections  of  numerous  natural  objects,  to  compare  with  those 
supposed  to  be  new,  are  indispensable  implements  of  a  naturalist,  but  no 
individual  was  able   to  obtain  them.     Immediately  after  founding  the 

*  John  Hyacinth  de  Magellan,  a  Portuguese  physicist,  was  born  in  Lisbon  in  1723.  He 
claimed  that  Magellan,  the  first  circumnavigator,  was  one  of  his  ancestral  kinsmen. 

He  long  sojourned  in  the  convents  of  St.  Augustin,  of  which  he  assumed  the  habit 
and  removed  to  England  about  1764,  to  devote  himself  to  the  study  of  physical  science, 
and  died  at  Islington,  near  London,  January  7, 1790. 

He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Royal  Society  of  London,  1774,  and  was  also  a  member 
of  the  Academies  of  Paris,  Madrid  and  St.  Petersburg.  Nouvelle  Biographie  general  dqpuis 
les  temps  lesplus  recules  jusque  nos  jours.    Firmin  Didot,  Freres,  Paris,  1860. 


20 

Society  the  members  saw  this  urgent  need,  and  together  began  to  form  a 
library  and  a  museum  for  their  common  use. 

Looking  forward  to  a  time  when  the  members  of  the  Society  would  be 
numerous,  and  possibly  might  include  zealous  supporters  of  different  relig- 
ious creeds  and  rival  political  parties,  the  founders  were  somewhat  appre- 
hensive that  a  source  of  discord  might  arise  in  meetings  of  men  holding 
conflicting  opinions  on  these  subjects,  and  for  such  reason  agreed  from  the 
outset  that,  on  entering  the  premises  of  the  Society,  every  member  should 
leave  his  religion  and  politics  behind  him  at  the  door,  and  that  debate  of 
religious  or  political  questions  should  be  always  out  of  order.  This  un- 
written By-Law,  solely  designed  to  preserve  harmony,  though  well  under- 
stood by  the  members,  was  misconstrued  outside  of  the  Society. 

Educated  people,  generally,  then  regarded  the  study  of  natural  history 
to  be  in  some  vague  way  antagonistic  to  religion,  and  erroneously  sup- 
posed that  its  votaries  must  be  atheists  or  at  best  deists,  and,  therefore, 
to  be  avoided.  The  above  unwritten  By-Law,  which,  according  to  vulgar 
rumor,  required  members  on  joining  the  Society  to  give  up  religion, 
sustained  the  popular  error. 

During  the  first  quarter  of  a  century  of  the  Academy's  existence, 
natural  history  was  not  a  part  of  the  curriculum  in  any  school  or  college 
in  our  country,  because  its  economic  value  was  not  generally  understood. 
Most  of  the  Society's  members  were  self-taught.  They  met  in  the  evening 
once  a  week  and  before  the  meeting  was  called  to  order,  passed  some  time 
harmoniously  conversing  about  their  studies.  Their  aim  was  to  encourage 
spontaneous  investigations  and  to  make  the  Academy  a  practical  school  of 
natural  history.  No  one  then  imagined  that  knowledge  of  it  would  ever 
become,  as  it  is  now,  marketable  knowledge,  a  part  of  the  stock  in  trade 
of  the  teacher's  beneficent  vocation.  At  that  time  the  chief  incentive  to 
the  study  was  pure  love  of  it,  without  hope  of  renown  or  emolument. 

When  Dr.  Leidy  joined  the  Society  its  library  contained  about  12,000 
volumes,  and  its  museum  representative  collections  of  thousands  of  speci- 
mens in  all  departments  of  natural  history,  besides  chemical  and  other 
apparatus.  He  had  at  once  use  of  all  these  resources,  and  the  encourage- 
ment which  flows  from  the  fellow-feeling  of  many  comrades  working  on 
the  same  line.  He  often  said  in  after  years  that,  without  the  facilities 
found  in  the  Academy,  he  could,  not  have  succeeded  in  many  of  his 
original  researches. 

Dr.  Leidy  was  elected  Librarian  December,  1845.  He  resigned  at  the 
end  of  the  year,  and  the  Academy  voted  him  thanks  for  his  efficient  ser- 


21 

vice.  In  December,  1846,  he  was  elected  a  Curator,  and  was  continuously 
Chairman  of  the  Board  till  he  died — more  than  forty-four  years. 

During  all  that  time  he  virtually  directed  and  managed  the  affairs  of 
the  museum.  To  him  it  was  a  congenial  occupation — helped  him  in  the 
line  of  his  pursuits. 

At  the  weekly  stated  meetings  of  the  Academy  the  Chairman  of  the 
Curators  usually  invited  attention  to  any  notable  addition  to  the  museum. 
In  this  connection  his  verbal  communications,  which  are  recorded  in  the 
Proceedings,  are  very  numerous,  and  were  always  seemingly  delivered 
and  heard  with  pleasure.     An  examplary  specimen  of  them  is,  as  follows  : 

At  a  stated  meeting  of  the  Academy,  October  6,  1846,  Dr.  Leidy 
announced  substantially  that  he  had  lately  detected  an  entozoon  in  the 
thigh  of  a  hog,  which  "is  a  minute,  coiled  worm  contained  in  a  cyst. 
The  cysts  are  numerous,  white,  oval  in  shape,  of  a  gritty  nature,  and 
between  the  thirtieth  and  fortieth  of  an  inch  in  length."  He  sicpposed  it 
"to  be  the  Trichina  spiralis  heretofore  considered  as  peculiar  to  the 
human  species.  He  could  perceive  no  distinction  between  it  and  the 
specimens  of  T.  spiralis  which  he  had  met  with  in  several  human  subjects 
in  the  dissecting  rooms,  where  it  had  been  observed  by  others,  since  the 
attention  of  the  scientific  public  had  been  directed  to  it  by  Mr.  Hilton  and 
Prof.  Owen."* 

In  an  address,  delivered  May  1,  1886,  he  said :  "I  recall  to  mind  an 
occasion  upwards  of  forty  years  ago,  while  I  was  a  student  assisting  my 
preceptor,  Dr.  Goddard,  the  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  in  the  University 
and  Prosector  to  Prof.  Horner.  We  were  making  preparations  for  a 
lecture  on  the  muscles  when  Dr.  Goddard,  who  was  endowed  with  quick 
perception  and  sharp  vision,  observed  an  appearance  in  the  flesh  which 
led  him  to  examine  it  with  the  microscope.  In  it  he  found  a  number  of 
minute  coiled  worms  to  which  he  called  the  attention  of  Prof.  Horner. 
The  parasite  had  been  discovered  a  short  time  previously  by  the  English 
surgeon,  Sir  James  Paget,  and  was  described  by  Prof.  Owen  with  the 
name  Trichina  spiralis.  Several  years  later  I  found  the  same  parasite  in 
pork."f 

*  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  of  Phila.,  Vol.  3,  pp.  107-8, 1846. 

f  "  An  Address  on  Evolution  and  the  Pathological  Importance  of  the  Lower  Forms  of 
Life."  By  Prof.  Joseph  Leidy.  Delivered  before  the  graduating  class  of  the  Medical 
Department  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  May  1,  1886.  Reprinted  from  the 
Therapeutic  Gazette  for  June  15, 18S6.    George  S.  Davis,  Detroit,  Mich.,  1886. 


22 

It  appears  that  the  existence  of  trichinae  in  the  human  subject  was  first 
noticed  in  England  in  1832. 

On  the  22d  of  January,  1833,  Mr.  John  Hilton  read  a  paper  before  the 
Medico-Chirurgical  Society  of  London,  entitled,  "Notes  on  a  peculiar 
appearance  observed  in  human  muscles,  probably  depending  upon  the 
formation  of  very  small  cysticerci.  By  John  Hilton,  Demonstrator  of 
Anatomy  at  Guy's  Hospital." 

He  states  substantially  that  Procter,  aged  seventy,  was  admitted  into  the 
hospital  for  a  cancer,  and  died  three  months  after.  "Between  the  [mus- 
cular] fibres,  and  having  their  long  axis  parallel  to  them,  are  situate 
several  oval  bodies,  transparent  in  the  middle  and  opaque  at  either  end, 
altogether  about  one-twenty-fifth  of  an  inch  in  length.  No  organization 
could  be  discovered  with  the  aid  of  a  microscope."* 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Zoological  Society  of  London,  February  24,  1835, 
Mr.  Owen  read  a  description  of  a  microscopic  Entozoon,  infesting  the  mus- 
cles of  the  human  body.f 

In  the  Transactions  of  the  Zoological  Society  of  London,  Vol.  i,  pp. 
315-23,  is  the  same  paper,  "By  Richard  Owen,  Assistant  Conservator  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in  London,"  with  a  plate.  In  that  paper 
Mr.  Owen  states  in  substance  that  Mr.  Paget,  an  intelligent  student  at 
St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  observed  that  muscles  of  the  body  of  an 
Italian  barometer-maker,  who  died  January  29,  1835,  aged  fifty, were  beset 
with  minute  whitish  specs,"  and  that  Mr.  Paget,  aided  by  Mr.  Brown  and 
Mr.  John  Bennet,  at  the  British  Museum,  at  the  same  time  satisfactorily 
determined  the  existence  of  the  entozoon. 

Mr.  "Wormald,  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hos- 
pital, stated  that  he  had  noticed  more  than  once  the  same  condition  during 
previous  anatomical  seasons,  and  at  the  request  of  Mr.  Owen,  soon  fur- 
nished him  ample  materials  for  microscopic  examination  from  the  subject 
above  mentioned.  Mr.  Owen  at  once  described  the  entozoon,  which  he 
named  Trichina  spiralis,  and  reported  the  result  of  his  investigation  to  the 
Zoological  Society. 

Dr.  Henry  J.  Bowditch,  of  Boston,  was  the  first  American  who  noticed 
the  Trichina  spiralis. If. 

No  one  had  ever  suggested  a  source  of  or  how  this  parasite  found  its 

*  The  London  Medical  Gazette  for  February  2, 1833,  Vol.  xi,  p.  605. 

+  See  Proceedings  Zool.  Soc. 

X  His  observations  are  published  in  the  Boston  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour,  for  1842  and  1814. 


23 

way  into  the  human  subject  until  Dr.  Leidy,  while  eating  a  piece  of  ham 
at  his  own  breakfast  table,  discovered  its  existence  in  the  hog.  In  an- 
nouncing his  discovery,  with  his  usual  caution,  he  said  that  he  supposed 
it  to  be  the  Trichina  spiralis  described  by  Owen.  This  may  be  a  reason 
why  it  was  not  generally  recognized  at  the  time.  The  publication  of  it 
in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Academy  was  copied  in  full  in  the  Annals  and 
Magazine  of  Natural  History,  Vol.  xix,  p.  358,  London,  1847  ;  and  Drs.  F. 
Kiichenmeister  and  F.  A.  Ziirn  state,  in  their  work  on  the  Parasites  of 
Men,  that  "Leidy  found,  in  1847,  the  parasite  in  the  muscle  of  pigs."* 

The  discovery  that  Trichina  spiralis  infests  the  hog  is,  in  its  economic 
relations,  among  the  most  important  observations  Dr.  Leidy  ever  made. 

Very  soon  after  Dr.  Leidy's  discovery  became  generally  known  in 
Europe,  the  importation  of  American  pork  by  Austria-Hungary,  Ger- 
many, etc  ,  was  arrested,  under  a  belief  that  American  hogs  are  very  often 
infested  by  this  parasite.  Recently,  however,  relying  upon  the  system  of 
inspection  established  by  American  authority,  American  pork  is  no  longer 
excluded  from  European  countries  in  which  immense  quantities  of  pork 
are  consumed  in  the  form  of  smoked  meat,  imperfectly  cooked.  Whether 
the  Germans  suppose,  as  has  been  asserted,  that  one  pound  of  raw  pork 
contains  as  much  nourishment  as  a  pound  and  a  quarter  well  cooked,  or 
prefer  the  taste  of  it  simply  smoked,  is  an  open  question.  Be  this  as  it  may, 
it  is  now  known  that  thorough  cooking  renders  trichinous  pork  harmless. 

Though  the  most  ancient  of  lawgivers  declared  swine  to  be  "unclean," 
unwholesome  food,  it  does  not  seem  supposable  that  he  anticipated  Leidy 
and  knew  that  the  pigs  of  his  time  were  infested  by  this  microscopic 
parasite. 

Trichinse  found  now  in  man,  it  is  believed,  are  derived  from  the  hog, 
but  whence  the  hog  receives  the  parasite  has  not  been  demonstrated. 

Dr.  Leidy  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society 

*  Dr.  T.  Spencer  Cobbold,  a  chief  English  authority  on  the  subject,  in  his  work  on 
Entozoa,  published  in  1864,  cites  Dr.  Leidy  in  his  bibliography,  but  does  not  mention 
him  in  his  text  in  reference  to  Trichinse. 

See,  On  Poisoning  by  Diseased  Pork,  being  an  essay  on  trichinosis  or  flesh-worm 
disease,  its  prevention  and  cure.  By  Julius  Althaus,  M.D.,  M.R.C.P.,  London,  Physician 
to  the  Royal  Infirmary  for  Diseases  of  the  Chest,  Svo.,  pp.  34.  John  Churchill  &  Sons, 
London,  1864. 

Also,  Animal  Parasites  and  Messmates.  By  P.  J.  Beneden,  Professor  at  the  University  of 
Louvain  ;  correspondent  of  the  Institute  of  France,  with  83  illustrations.  D.  Appleton 
&  Co.,  New  York,  1876. 


24 

October  19,  1849.     Though  not  frequently  present  at  its  meetings,  he  con- 
tributed several  papers  to  its  Transactions  and  Proceedings. 

Need  of  very  much  more  space  to  properly  accommodate  the  rapidly 
growing  library  and  museum  of  the  Academy  had  been  apparent  for  some 
time,  and  had  become  so  pressing  that,  early  in  I860,  measures  were 
adopted  to  supply  the  want.  Forty  members  were  appointed  a  com- 
mittee to  solicit  citizens  generally  to  contribute  to  a  Buildiug  Fund.  Dr. 
Leidy  was  one  of  them,  but  it  is  believed  that  his  modesty  prevented  him 
from  actively  participating  in  the  work.  A  trust  was  created.  The  con- 
tributors were  to  elect  thirteen  members  of  the  Academy  Trustees  of  the 
Building  Fund,  with  authority  to  purchase  a  site  and  erect  thereon  a 
suitable  edifice.  They  represented  the  contributors,  to  whose  bounty 
alone  the  Academy  would  be  indebted  for  the  proposed  new  building. 
"When  the  subscriptions  amounted  to  $100,000,  the  fund  was  placed  in 
the  custody  of  the  Trustees. 

This  method  of  procedure  was  designed  to  remove  the  subject  from  the 
meetings  of  the  Academy,  and  to  avoid  delays  in  construction,  which,  it 
was  conjectured,  might  arise  from  officious  meddling  of  non-contributing 
members,  if  the  work  were  confided  to  a  Committee  of  the  Society. 

Dr.  Leidy  was  elected  a  member  of  the  first  Board  of  Trustees  of  the 
Building  Fund,  January,  1867,  and  was  regularly  reelected  till  the  close 
of  his  life.  The  work  of  the  Board  was  not  in  harmony  with  his  previous 
experience  or  taste.  For  this  reason,  perhaps,  and  because  he  unre- 
servedly confided  in  the  business  ability  of  his  colleagues  rather  than  on 
his  own,  he  did  not  warmly  participate  in  it,  though  none  was  more 
desirous  of  its  satisfactory  achievement. 

During  his  student  days,  and  for  years  after  graduation,  Dr.  Leidy 
was  generally  held  to  be  poor  ;  but  he  had  already  acquired  a  local 
reputation  on  account  of  his  knowledge  of  natural  history,  and  was  re- 
garded to  be  a  young  scientist  of  unusual  promise.  He  attracted  the 
attention  of  some  prominent  citizens,  among  them  Dr.  James  Rush,  to 
whose  beneficence  the  city  is  indebted  for  the  Ridgeway  branch  of  the 
Philadelphia  Library.  Mrs.  Rush  was  frequently  pleased  to  make  him  a 
lion  at  her  evening  parties.  At  that  time  many  persons  were  pleased  to 
believe  that  he  strongly  resembled  the  conventional  likeness  of  our 
Saviour.  Both  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Rush  were  his  friends  and  admirers  during 
their  lives. 

Mrs.  Rush  died  October  23,  1857.  After  that  event  Dr.  Leidy  often 
dined  tete-a-tete  with  Dr.  Rush. 


25 

Dr.  Rush  died  May  26,  1869.  Dr.  Leidy  was  invited  to  be  a  pall- 
bearer at  the  funeral,  and  at  the  same  time  received  an  intimation  that  he 
should  not  fail  to  be  present.    He  accepted  the  invitation. 

A  few  days  afterwards  he  was  greatly  surprised  by  the  receipt  of  a 
bank  cheque  for  $500.  He  learned  that  Dr.  Rush  had  named  those 
friends  whom  he  desired  to  be  his  pallbearers,  and  that  he  had  instructed 
the  executor  of  his  estate  to  give  $500  to  each  of  those  who  served  in  that 
capacity  at  his  funeral. 

At  its  summer  commencement  of  1869,  the  Franklin  and  Marshall 
College,  Lancaster,  Pa.,  conferred  upon  him  the  honorary  degree  of 
Legum  Doctor — LL.D. 

In  the  spring  of  1871  he  was  appointed  Professor  of  Natural  History  in 
Swarthmore  College,  eleven  miles  from  the  city,  in  Delaware  county,  and 
lectured  there  at  10  o'clock  a.m.,  at  first  once  in  the  week  and  subse- 
quently twice.  He  resigned  the  office  in  June,  1885,  but  continued  his 
connection  with  the  institution  as  emeritus  or  retired  professor. 

The  Secretary  of  War  invited  him,  May  6,  1873,  to  be  the  senior  mem- 
ber of  the  scientific  corps  during  an  exploration  of  the  route  of  the  Pacific 
Railroad.     This  invitation  was  declined. 

In  December,  1874,  he  was  offered  the  Hersey  Professorship  of  Anatomy 
in  the  University  of  Harvard,  at  an  annual  salary  of  $4000. 

He  passed  the  summer  of  1875  in  Europe,  visiting  museums  in  London, 
Paris,  Berlin,  and  mingling  socially  with  renowned  professors  and  distin- 
guished votaries  of  natural  science  wherever  he  halted. 

He  spent  the  greater  part  of  two  seasons  exploring  the  country  around 
Fort  Bridger,  the  Uinta  mountains  and  Saltlake  basin  in  search  of 
materials  for  his  treatise  on  Fresh  Water  Bhizopods  of  North  America, 
under  the  auspices  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  and  Geographical  Survey  of 
the  Territories,  then  directed  by  Dr.  F.  V.  Hayden.  The  work  was  pub- 
lished in  1879.  Dr.  Leidy  states,  January  1,  in  his  introduction  to  it,  that 
during  four  years  he  had  studied  these  Rhizopods  as  they  occur  in  all  the 
fresh  waters  of  the  country  from  the  Atlantic  border  to  an  altitude  of 
10,000  feet  in  the  Rocky  mountains,  and  gratefully  refers  to  the  generous 
hospitality  and  aid  received  from  Dr.  J.  Van  A.  Carter,  formerly  of  Fort 
Bridger,  who  conducted  his  expeditions  to  the  Uinta  mountains  and  de- 
frayed their  expenses.  Various  railroad  companies  granted  him  entirely 
free  transportation,  or  at  half  fare,  so  that  to  the  Survey  the  expenses  of 
this  admirable  work,  besides  the  charges  incident  to  its  publication, 
amounted  to  about  $222. 


26 

His  friend,  Mr.  Joseph  Wilcox,  relates  that  while  they  were  visiting 
the  "badlands"  of  "Wyoming,  he  asked  Dr.  Leidy,  "What  beauties  do 
you  see  in  this  forbidding  territory? "  In  reply  he  said,  "This  is  a  most 
interesting  place  to  see,  where  no  living  animal  or  plant  exists.  I  enjoy 
the  novelty  of  this  anomalous  locality.  You  will  all  agree  with  the  man 
who  appropriately  compared  this  place  to  the  infernal  regions  after  the 
fires  had  been  put  out." 

During  many  years  Dr.  Leidy  habitually  visited  the  Twelfth  Street 
Market  in  search  of  specimens,  and  became  quite  intimate  with  Mr.  R.  M. 
Holbrook,  who  is  a  large  dealer  in  fresh  fish,  etc.,  and  is  also  Treasurer 
of  the  Market  Company. 

Speaking  of  Dr.  Leidy,  Mr.  Holbrook  said,  "He  was  a  man  of  such 
simplicity  of  manner  that  he  drew  all  classes  of  persons  to  him,  even 
children  would  stop  and  listen  to  him. 

"At  one  time  a  few  years  ago  he  got  from  me  a  specimen  of  some  kind 
offish  and  wrote  an  article  about  it,  in  which  he  gave  me  the  credit  of 
furnishing  the  specimen.  The  article  was  copied  in  a  London  journal, 
but  by  mistake  gave  my  name  as  the  author.  As  soon  as  he  saw  it  Dr. 
Leidy  came  and  asked  me  whether  I  had  written  much  for  the  papers. 
He  then  told  me  of  the  mistake,  laughed  heartily,  and  seemed  to  enjoy  it 
very  much.* 

"And  he  told  me  about  the  publication  of  his  book  on  Rhizopods. 
And  on  my  expressing  a  hope  that  he  was  well  paid  for  his  work,  he  said 
that  all  he  got  for  his  labor  was  twenty  copies  of  it  and  that  he  was 
satisfied. 

"  At  another  time  he  told  me  that  he  had  just  received  an  unexpected 
remittance  from  Boston  ;  that  he  had  written  a  paper  for  the  Walker 
prize  the  year  before  and  had  not  received  anything,  but  this  year  in  con- 
sideration that  his  papers  were  good  both  years  the  committee  had 
awarded  him  a  double  prize.  His  childlike  manner  in  telling  me  about 
it,  without  reference  to  the  sum  of  money  he  had  received,  and  without 
the  least  tinge  of  egotism  or  conceit,  showed  that  he  wished  me  to  enjoy 
his  success  with  him. 

"  He  usually  came  to  market  about  six  o'clock  in  the  morning  before 
the  crowd  began,  and  sat  behind  the  stall  a  half  hour  or  more  talking  and 
watching  the  men  while  they  were  cleaning  fish.     He  was  always  pleased 

*  At  a  stated  meeting  of  the  Academy,  May  10,  1S70,  Dr.  Leidy  "called  attention  to 
errors  in  published  reprints  of  the  Academy's  Proceedings  in  foreign  journals.*' 


27 

to  carefully  examine  whatever  might  be  found  in  the  stomachs  or  intes- 
tines of  the  larger  varieties.  The  entrails  of  very  big  ones  were  some- 
times sent  to  his  house  that  he  might  inspect  them  at  his  leisure.  And 
if  anything  strange  came  along — for  whatever  comes  into  the  fisherman's 
net  is  fish — it  was  sent  to  him.  Sometimes  he  wrote  the  Latin  name  of 
an  uncommon  kind  on  a  scrap  of  paper,  which  my  men  copied  in  large 
letters  and,  sticking  it  on  the  specimen,  displayed  it  on  the  stall.  For 
example,  on  one  scrap  he  wrote,  '  Horse  Crevalle — Caraux  hippus.  Cape 
Cod  to  the  West  Indies.  Belongs  to  the  Pilot-fish  family  and  related  to 
the  Mackerels  ; '  on  another,  '  Pensacola  black  grouper — Trisopteris 
microlepis ; '  and  on  a  third,  'The  Massachusetts  Tile  Fish — Monacanthus 
Massachusettensis.' " 

The  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,  January  22,  1880,  "Voted  that 
the  Walker  Grand  Honorary  Prize  for  1879  be  awarded  to  Prof.  Joseph 
Leidy  for  his  prolonged  investigations  and  discoveries  in  zoology  and 
paleontology,  and  in  consideration  of  their  extraordinary  merit  the  sum 
awarded  be  $1000.* 

In  August,  1880,  an  invitation  to  lecture  and  supervise  the  scientific 
studies  of  the  postgraduates  of  Princeton  College,  N.  J.,  was  declined. 

In  December,  1881,  he  was  elected  without  competition  President  of 
the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  and  continuously  held 
the  office  till  he  died. 

About  the  year  1866  it  was  suggested  that  natural  history  should  be 
taught  in  the  University.     The  proposition  was  entertained  and  discussed 

*  Dr.  William  J.  Walker,  a  generous  friend  of  science,  who  died  at  Newport,  R.  I., 
April  2, 1865,  placed  in  trust  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History  means  of  awarding 
prizes  for  the  best  memoirs,  written  in  English,  on  subjects  proposed  by  a  committee, 
appointed  by  the  Council  of  the  Society.  The  first  and  second  prizes  to  be  awarded 
annually,  and  the  third  once  in  five  years,  beginning  1870. 

First—  For  the  best  memoir  presented  a  prize  of  $60  may  be  awarded,  which  sum,  at 
the  discretion  of  the  Committee,  may  be  increased  to  $100,  if  the  memoir  be  of  marked 
merit. 

Second. — For  the  next  best  memoir  a  prize  of  not  exceeding  ?50  may  be  awarded,  pro- 
vided it  be  of  adequate  merit  in  the  opinion  of  the  Committee. 

Third.— Grand  Honorary  Prize.  The  Council  of  the  Society  may  award  the  sum  of 
$500  for  such  scientific  investigation  or  discovery  in  natural  history  as  may  be  deserving 
thereof  in  its  judgment,  provided  such  investigation  or  discovery  shall  have  first  been 
made  known  and  published  in  the  United  States  of  America;  and  at  the  time  of  said 
award  shall  have  been  made  known  and  published  at  least  one  year.  "If  in  conse- 
quence of  the  extraordinary  merit  of  such  investigation  or  discovery,  the  Council  of  the 
Society  should  see  fit,  they  may  award  therefor  the  sum  of  §1000."  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  Vol.  x,  p.  116—1866. 


28 

from  time  to  time,  and  lingered  on  without  action.  In  1882,  under  the 
propulsive  and  successful  administration  of  Dr.  William  Pepper,  the  dis- 
tinguished Provost  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  (whose  policy  appar- 
ently is  to  enlarge  the  institution  and  foster  within  it  every  branch  of 
human  knowledge  which  may  be  profitably  taught),  a  school  of  natural 
history  was  devised  and  instituted  under  the  modern  style  of  Department 
of  Biology,  and  Dr.  Leidy  was  appointed,  for  the  current  academic  year, 
Professor  of  Biology  (Zoology)  in  the  Faculty  of  Philosophy. 

In  1884  the  department  was  organized  by  the  appointment  of  a  Faculty 
of  seven  professors,  including  Dr.  Leidy  as  Professor  of  Zoology  and 
Comparative  Anatomy,  and  he  was  elected,  May  6,  Director  of  the 
Biological  Department.* 

It  was  proposed,  March  16,  1885,  that  his  salary  should  be  $6000,  on 
condition  that  he  should  resign  his  position  in  Swarthmore  College,  which 
he  did,  and  give  his  time  exclusively  to  the  University. 

A  laboratory,  an  herbarium  and  an  appropriate  museum  were  started. 
To  the  latter  Dr.  Leidy  contributed  many  of  his  skillfully  made  prepara- 
tions, and  bequeathed  to  it  an  herbarium  of  about  1400  species  of  plants, 
collected  by  himself. 

In  this  connection  the  University  Marine  Biological  Association  has 
been  founded,  with  laboratories  and  aquaria  located  at  Sea  Isle  City,  N.  J. 

The  Geological  Society — Burlington  House,  London,  January  5,  1884 — 
awarded  to  Dr.  Leidy  the  Lyell  Medal,  with  its  accompanying  purse  of 
£25,  in  recognition  of  his  important  services  to  paleontology. 

About  the  close  of  the  year  1883  the  attention  of  Dr.  Leidy  was  invited 
to  a  subject  which  he  had  not  previously  considered. 

Mr.  Henry  Seybert,  a  firm  believer  in  modern  spiritualism,  who  died 
March  3, 1883,  aged  eighty-two  years,  not  long  before  his  death  gave  to  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  a  sum  of  money  sufficient  to  found  a  Professor- 
ship of  Philosophy,  on  condition  that  the  University  should  appoint  a  com- 
mission to  investigate  "all  systems  of  morals,  religion  or  philosophy,  which 
assume  to  represent  the  truth,  and  particularly  of  modern  spiritualism. '' 

Ten  gentlemen,  most  of  them  members  of  Faculties  or  of  the  Board  of 
Trustees  of  the  University,  were  constituted  a  commission  to  investigate 
modern  spiritualism.  Dr.  Leidy,  with  one  or  more  members  of  the  com- 
mission, attended  twelve  sittings  with  reputed  spiritualist  mediums,  from 

♦University  of  Pennsylvania.  Handbook  of  Information,  concerning  the  School  of 
Biology.     Philadelphia,  1889. 


29 


March,  1884,  to  April,  1887.     The  commission  submitted  a  preliminary 
report  of  its  proceedings  May,  1887.* 

The  Trustees  of  the  "Wagner  Free  Institute  of  Science  elected  him,  July 
27,  1885,  President  of  the  Faculty  and  Professor  of  Biology,  at  an  annual 
salary  of  $500.  From  that  date  the  Trustees  obtained  his  views  before 
deciding  any  question  relating  to  the  scientific  policy  of  the  Institute,  and 
appointed  members  of  the  Faculty  subject  to  his  approval.  He  lectured 
two  or  three  times  every  season,  and  always  attracted  a  large  audience. 
In  the  spring  of  1890,  lectureships  superseded  the  Faculty  system,  and 
Dr.  Leidy  was  elected  Director  of  the  Museum  June  3,  1890,  and  spent 
some  of  his  last  days  in  planning  a  synoptical  arrangement  of  it. 

He  was  authorized  by  the  Trustees  to  expend  $3000,  while  in  Europe 
in  1889,  in  the  purchase  of  specimens  for  the  museum,  and  on  his  return 
$1000  more  were  placed  in  his  hands  to  be  spent  in  the  United  States  for 
objects  of  the  same  kind.  His  interest  in  the  growth  of  the  museum  and 
library  was  constant.  He  presented  many  books  and  specimens  collected 
by  himself. 

At  its  summer  commencement  of  1886,  Harvard  University  conferred 
upon  him  its  honorary  degree  of  Legum  Doctor — LL.D. ;  and  the  Insti- 
tute of  France  awarded  to  him,  December  18,  1888,  the  Cuvier  prize 
medal. 

He  had  now  reached  the  sixty -fifth  year  of  his  age.  Unremitting  routine 
and  other  labors,  and  the  enjoyment  of  many  social  meetings  with  friends, 
had  somewhat  abated  both  his  physical  and  mental  energies.  Rest 
was  desirable.  Accompanied  by  his  wife  and  daughter  he  visited 
Europe  in  the  summer  of  1889,  but  his  first  letters  from  London 
indicate  that  the  sojourn  there  was  much  less  cheering  to  him  than 
it  ever  had  been.  And  then  the  serious  illness  of  Mrs.  Leidy,  soon  after 
reaching  England,  greatly  augmented  his  depression,  although  the  sym- 
pathy and  attention  of  his  English  friends  were  unstinted.  After  her 
recovery  the  projected  tour  was  completed,  and  in  September  all  returned 
in  better  health  and  spirits  than  when  they  started  on  their  trip  to  Europe. 

Soon  after  reaching  home  a  rumor  from  the  University  was  a  source  of 
much  distress  to  Dr.  Leidy.  It  was  said  that  the  professorships  were  to  be 
rearranged,  and  to  realize  the  plan  he  would  be  asked  to  relinquish  the 

*  Preliminary  Report  of  the  Commission  appointed  by  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
to  Investigate  Modern  Spiritualism,  in  accordance  with  the  Request  of  the  late  Henry 
Seybert.     12mo,  pp.  160.    J.  B.  Lippincott  Company,  Philadelphia,  1887. 


30 

Chair  of  Anatomy  and  retain  his  position  in  the  Biological  Department. 
A  city  newspaper  reported  substantially  that  Dr.  Leidy  had  been  requested 
to  resign.  The  statement  was  at  once  authoritatively  contradicted. 
Nevertheless,  subsequently  he,  who  was  pronounced  by  One  of  the  Faculty 
to  be  the  "  most  consummate  teacher  that  ever  held  the  Chair  of  Anatomy," 
was  requested  to  relinquish  it,  but  he  declined. 

During  the  year  1890,  in  compliance  with  the  wish  of  a  valued  friend, 
he  visited  several  times  the  establishment  of  Mr.  Keely,  who  claims  that 
he  had  long  ago  discovered  a  new  motor  of  extraordinary  force.  Diligent 
study  during  many  years  has  failed  to  ascertain  a  practical  method  of 
applying  this  power  to  any  use.  With  this  aim  Mr.  Keely  has  con- 
structed costly  and  ingenious  machinery  which  is  set  in  motion  by  this 
occult  power.  Many  prominent  scientists,  engineers  and  others  have 
been  invited  at  different  times  to  inspect  it,  hoping  probably  that  their 
opinions  would  encourage  his  continuous  research.  It  seems,  however — 
if  the  public  be  rightly  informed  in  the  premises — that,  in  their  judgment, 
the  nature  of  this  new  force,  whatever  it  may  be  in  fact,  is  not  yet  appa- 
rent. But  Dr.  Leidy  wrote,  December  18,  on  his  card  to  a  friend, 
"Keely  appeared  to  me  to  have  command  of  some  power  previously 
unknown." 

This  statement  is  not  even  presumptive  testimony  that  a  previously 
unknown  natural  force  is  now  under  command.  Unsurpassed  ability  to 
ascertain  the  structure  of  organisms  of  every  kind,  as  Dr.  Leidy  had,  is 
not  in  itself  sufficient  to  guarantee  that  the  witness  may  not  be  deceived 
as  to  the  motive  force  that  operates  complicated  machinery,  especially 
one  who  has  never  been  interested  in  or  studied  any  branch  of  physics. 
The  judgment  of  a  backwoodsman  on  the  sea-worthiness  and  fighting 
qualities  of  the  first  battleship  he  ever  visited  would  be  as  respectable. 

His  membership  in  many  societies  at  home  and  abroad  is  significant  of 
his  widespread  reputation.     A  list  of  them  is  appended. 

Prof.  Henry  C.  Chapman,  of  Jefferson  Medical  College,  in  his  Memoir, 
printed  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Phila- 
delphia, for  1891,  has  noticed  in  a  summary  but  admirable  manner  each 
of  Dr.  Leidy's  leading  publications.  Lists  of  all  of  them  may  be  found 
in  the  Appendix. 

The  general  character  of  all  his  works  is  anatomical.  They  consist 
almost  entirely  of  technical  descriptions  of  genera  and  species  of  existing 
or  extinct  animals.     Though  highly  creditable  to  their  author,  they  inte- 


31 

rest  very  few  persons  besides  votaries  of  natural  history,  because  they  are 
not  applicable  to  any  apparent  industrial  use.  Such  writing  does  not 
bring  pecuniary  reward.  "With  the  exception  of  his  books  on  Anatomy 
and  reports  to  the  Surgeon-General  of  the  Army,  he  received  no  sub- 
stantial compensation  for  any  of  his  numerous  essays. 

Inasmuch  as  botany  and  mineralogy  were  greatly  preferred  to  other 
branches  of  natural  history  in  his  early  life,  it  is  notable  that  he  published 
little,  if  anything  of  importance,  in  connection  with  either. 

Prof.  Thomas  C.  Porter,  of  Lafayette  College,  among  the  foremost  of 
our  botanists,  who  was  his  intimate  friend  during  many  years,  wrote  in 
reply  to  inquiries  :  "To  your  other  question  I  can  give  a  definite  answer. 
Of  course,  as  a  master  of  biology,  he  had  a  comprehensive  knowledge  of 
structural  and  physiological  botany,  but  his  interest  in  the  plant  world 
was  only  a  side-interest.  He  had  a  fair  acquaintance  with  our  native 
flora,  and  his  wonderful  powers  of  observation  were  sometimes  of  great 
service  to  his  friends  who  were  engaged  in  its  study.  Had  he  turned  his 
mind  from  animals  to  plants  he  would,  no  doubt,  have  done  the  same 
kind  of  valuable  work  amongst  the  latter  as  he  had  done  amongst  the 
former.  But  I  know  of  no  thorough  investigations  of  the  sort  made  or 
published  by  him.  Looking  over  his  species  of  Panicum  one  day,  he 
remarked  to  me  that,  if  he  could  devote  the  time  to  it,  he  should  like  to 
produce  a  monograph  of  that  difficult  genus.  He  had  a  herbarium  com- 
posed chiefly  of  specimens  of  his  own  collection.  It  is  not  large,  but  like 
everything  else  which  passed  through  his  hands,  in  excellent  condition." 
In  his  charming  personal  history  of  Dr.  Leidy,  Dr.  William  Hunt  says: 
"I  remember  walking  with  him  along  the  grassy  path  by  the  seaside  at 
Bar  Harbor  one  summer  day.  We  were  on  our  way  to  visit  a  Phila- 
delphia lady  who  was  herself  an  amateur  botanist,  and  particularly  well 
acquainted  with  the  region  about  us.  Suddenly  Dr.  Leidy  said,  raising 
his  hands,  '  Dear  me  !  there  is  a  plant  which  Gray  says  only  grows  high 
on  the  mountains,  and  here  it  is  by  the  sea. '  He  gathered  a  portion  of  it 
with  great  care  and  put  it  in  his  pocket.    "When  he  got  to  the  house  he 

spoke  of  his  find,  and  showed  Mrs.  the  specimen.     'Why,  Doctor,' 

she  said,  'that  is  Empetrum.'  The  doctor  looked  carefully  at  it  and  said, 
'  Why,  so  it  is  ;  I  thought  it  was  Loiseleuria, '  and  laughed  heartily, 
receiving  the  correction  as  though  it  had  come  from  Gray  himself."* 

*  In  Memoriam.  Dr.  Joseph  Leidy.  b.  Sept.  9, 1823,  d.  April  30, 1891.   Personal  History. 
By  William  Hunt,  M.D.    Read  at  trie  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  May  12, 1891. 


32 

His  deep  interest  in  mineralogy  was  continuous  from  boyhood  till  the 
close  of  his  life.  To  him  it  was  a  kind  of  Sunday  afternoon  or  holiday 
recreation  to  visit  friends  who  had  cabinets,  examine  their  newly  acquired 
specimens,  and  talk  about  them  in  connection  with  those  in  rival  collec- 
tions. Always  seeking  to  obtain  rare  specimens,  especially  of  gems,  he 
bought  and  sold  and  exchanged  minerals  with  his  friends  whenever  oppor- 
tunity occurred.  About  the  year  1870  he  purchased  a  collection,  said  to 
be  the  finest  ever  brought  from  Europe  to  this  country,  and  a  year  or  two 
after  sold  it  to  a  party  in  Boston  for  $2000,  because  he  said  he  could  not 
afford  to  keep  it.  He  contiuually  added  to  and  improved  his  cabinet, 
which,  at  his  deatb,  was  sold  to  the  National  Museum  at  Washington, 
D.  C,  for  $2800. 

He  was  not  practically  interested  in  the  chemical  analysis  of  minerals. 
But  through  his  life-long  habit  of  examining,  comparing  and  exchanging 
specimens,  as  well  as  of  buying  and  selling  them,  he  acquired  the  skill  of 
an  average  lapidary  in  recognizing  mineral  forms,  especially  of  gems,  and 
among  his  friends  became  an  authority  for  their  market  value.  Yet  more 
than  once  he  mistook  an  artificial  for  a  real  stone,  submitted  to  his  inspec- 
tion by  a  dealer  to  test  his  knowledge. 

Dr.  Leidy  had  a  broad  chest  and  strong  limbs,  was  about  five  feet  ten 
or  eleven  inches  in  height  and  200  pounds  in  weight.  Relatively  to  his 
stature,  slightly  stooping  at  the  shoulders,  his  head  was  rather  small ;  and 
it  was  ascertained  after  death  that  his  brain  weighed  forty-five  and  a  half 
ounces — somewhat  less  than  the  average.  But  deficiency  of  brain  tissue 
was  probably  compensated  for  by  the  sustaining  power  of  good  blood- 
circulating  and  digestive  apparatus,  upon  the  normal  functions  of  which 
mental  activity  in  a  degree  depends.  It  is  commonly  known  that  a  drink 
of  tea  or  of  any  stimulant  temporarily  augments  the  activity  of  the  mental 
machinery  when  it  is  moving  slowly  from  fatigue  or  other  cause.  It  is 
generally  supposed,  however,  that  intellectual  energy  is  in  proportion  to 
the  size  of  the  brain,  the  prevailing  weight  of  which  in  adult  man  is  from 
forty-six  to  fifty-three  ounces,  according  to  an  English  authority,*  and  from 
forty-five  to  fifty-five  ounces  among  our  own  people,  and  among  all  races 
from  two  to  four  pounds,  according  to  an  American  authority. f 

* Anatomy,  Descriptive  and  Surgical.    By  Henry  Gray,  F.R.S. 

jAn  Elementary    Treatise  on  Human  Anatomy.    By  Joseph  Leidy,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  etc. 
Second  edition,  18S9. 
He  says,  p.  713 :  "All  other  conditions  being  equal,  it  is  observed  also  to  hold  a  rela- 


33 

"  A  little  man  with  the  same  size  of  head  as  a  big  man  will  (other  things 
being  equal)  possess  more  energy.  In  weight  of  brain,  again,  considerable 
differences  exist  among  men  of  acknowledged  power.  The  average  weight 
of  the  male  brain  in  civilized  races  is  about  49  ounces.  Cuvier's  brain 
weighed  64  ounces;  Abercrombie's  and  Schiller's,  63  ;  De  Morgan  and 
Gauss,  the  mathematicians,  52|  and  52  respectively.  But  Grote,  the  his- 
torian, had  a  brain  only  three-quarters  of  an  ounce  above  the  average, 
while  the  brains  of  Tiedemann,  the  anatomist,  and  Hausmann,  the  min- 
eralogist, fell  5  and  6  ounces  below  it.     *    *    * 

"The  heaviest  known  human  brain  belonged  to  a  Sussex  bricklayer, 
who  died  of  consumption  in  University  College  Hospital  in  1849.  It  ex- 
ceeded 67  ounces  and  was  well  proportioned  ;  while  in  physical  size  its 
owner  was  not  greatly  above  the  average,  being  5  feet  9  inches  in  height 
and  of  robust  frame.  But  the  man  could  not  read  or  write,  though  he 
was  said  to  have  a  good  memory  and  to  be  fond  of  politics."* 

According  to  these  data,  size  or  weight  of  brain  is  not  a  measure  of 
mental  capability. 

Dr.  Leidy  had  a  handsome  forehead,  though  it  was  not  remarkably 
high  nor  broad.  Compared  with  the  head,  his  face  was  perhaps  large. 
Nearly  horizontal,  straight  brows  slightly  overhung  tranquilly  pensive 
blue  eyes,  which  were  not  widely  separated  by  a  full-sized,  well-formed 
nose.  His  mouth,  slightly  drooping  at  the  corners,  contained  a  set  of  fine 
teeth.  The  lips  were  well  proportioned  and  his  chin  was  broad.  He  wore 
a  full  beard  and  was  well  crowned  with  fine  hair.  While  conversing  with 
friends  the  expression  of  his  face  was  truly  significant  of  his  very  amiable 
disposition .  His  utterance  was  distinct  and  the  tone  of  his  voice  pursuasive 
and  pleasant,  though  slightly  nasal.  A  natural  and  very  modest  demeanor 
made  him  welcome  wherever  he  was.  He  loved  the  company  of  his 
friends.  No  member  of  either  the  Old  Contributorship,  of  which  he  was  a 
Director,  or  of  the  Biological  Club,  of  which  he  was  President,  enjoyed 
more  their  stated  dinners;  on  those  occasions  his  cheerful  and  instructive 

tion  in  size  to  the  degree  of  mental  development ;  hence  the  more  civilized  races 
and  more  cultivated  and  intelligent  people  are  distinguished  by  a  larger  and  heavier 
brain,  while  the  opposite  condition  exists  in  the  barbarous  races  and  the  least  culti- 
vated persons." 

*  The  Insanity  of  Genius  and  the  General  Inequality  of  the  Human  Faculty,  Physiologically 
Considered.  By  J.  F.  Nisbet,  author  of  Marriage  and  Heredity.  Ward  &  Downey,  12  York 
street,  Covent  Garden,  London,  1891. 

3 


34 

conversation,  almost  always  mentioning  some  fact  new  to  them,  gratified 
his  companions.* 

To  him  controversy  and  conflict  were  always  repugnant.  He  preferred 
to  yield  at  once,  rather  than  contend.  For  him  it  was  a  task  to  say,  No. 
This  feature  of  his  nature  at  times  lessened  his  administrative  efficiency  in 
the  opinion  of  some  of  his  warmest  friends,  and  caused  them  on  occasions 
to  jocosely  say  :    "Oh  !  he  is  an  invertebrate." 

While  he  was  a  bachelor  his  manner  of  living  was  properly  economical, 
and  his  savings  at  different  times  amounted  to  considerable  sums  ;  but  his 
financiering  ability  or  forecast  seemed  to  be  limited  to  this  kind  of  hoard- 
ing. At  the  time  when  speculation  in  petroleum  was  imagined  to  be  a 
sure  road  to  fortune,  he  listened  to  a  friend  supposed  to  be  knowing  in  the 
field,  invested  in  a  petroleum  company  and  lost  $4000.  On  another  occa- 
sion he  was  lured  by  promises  to  invest  in  a  silver  mine  and  lost  about 
twice  as  much.  Next  he  purchased  stock  of  a  certain  railroad  which  from 
that  day  never  made  a  dividend,  and  sold  it  for  about  half  its  co3t. 

During  the  first  half  of  his  life  or  more  his  attention  was  exclusively 
given  to  anatomical  and  natural  history  pursuits.  General  literature  or 
popular  diversions  did  not  interest  him  in  any  considerable  degree.  His 
diary  kept  while  in  Europe  in  1848  mentions  that  he  once  attended  the  Hay- 
market  Theatre  in  London,  and  that  he  passed  one  evening  in  Paris  at  the 
Theatre  du  Palais  Royal.  But  galleries  of  paintings  and  sculpture  attracted 
his  attention.  To  a  friend  who  presented  him  a  poem  years  ago  he  said  : 
"I  never  read  poetry.  It  seems  to  me  such  a  round-abound  way  of 
expressing  ideas."  And  to  another  he  said  he  did  not  understand  how 
anybody  could  read  "rhyming  stuff."  But  in  the  last  decade  of  life, 
when  age  and  experience  had  tamed  his  energies,  and  egoism  was  less 
exacting,  his  tastes  changed.  He  read  with  pleasure  certain  poetic  compo- 
sitions, which  friends  commended,  and  now  and  then  a  novel.  Theatrical 
amusement  often  attracted  him,  and  he  was  sometimes  pleased  to  hear 
the  music  of  his  daughter's  piano  in  the  parlor  while  he  was  engaged  in 
his  study.  He  daily  read  newspapers,  and,  as  a  good  citizen,  voted  at  elec- 
tions of  city,  State  and  United  States  officers. 

In  some  respects  he  resembled  Charles  Darwin.  Matthew  Arnold  says: 
"Mr.  Darwin  once  owned  to  a  friend  that,  for  his  pait,  he  did  not  experi- 

*The  Biological  Club,  as  a  token  of  its  appreciation  of  Dr.  Leidy,  had  painted  a  very 
satisfactory  portrait  of  hirn,  which  is  in  the  library  of  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences. 

The  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia  has  in  its  library  a  portrait,  which  is  a 
lugubrious  likeness,  though  artistically  well  painted. 

At  its  Annual  Commencement,  May  6,  1892,  the  medical  classes  of  1892-3,  presented 
a  portrait  of  Dr.  Leidy  to  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 


35 

ence  the  necessity  of  two  things,  which  most  men  find  so  necessary  to 
them — religion  and  poetry  ;  science  and  the  domestic  affections  he  thought 
were  enough."* 

In  his  autobiography  Mr.  Darwin  says:  "For  many  years  I  cannot 
endure  to  read  a  line  of  poetry;  I  have  tried  lately  to  read  Shakespeare, 
and  have  found  it  so  intolerably  dull  that  it  nauseated  me.  I  have  almost 
lost  my  taste  for  pictures  and  music.  *  *  *  My  mind  seems  to  have 
become  a  kind  of  machine  for  grinding  general  laws  out  of  a  large  collec- 
tion of  facts." 

Dr.  Leidy,  however,  sought  chiefly  to  ascertain  facts  ;  he  did  not  attempt 
to  deduce  general  laws  from  them. 

He  accepted,  without  reserve,  all  the  theories  of  evolution,  etc.,  of  Mr. 
Darwin,  with  whom  he  had  correspondence,  but  their  religious  views  were 
very  different. 

In  a  letter,  dated  February  28,  1879,  addressed  to  his  friend,  the  Rev. 
Dr.  Henry  C.  McCook,  he  said  :  "I  mark  what  you  say  in  reference  to 
quoting  from  the  Cosmic  Philosophy  of  Prof.  Fiske,  instead  of  expressing 
my  opinions  in  my  own  language.  I  preferred  doing  so  because  my  relig- 
ious views  so  fully  accord  with  those  he  so  clearly  presents  to  the  reader. 
I  have  always  had  an  antipathy  to  enter  into  a  discussion  of  religious 
opinions,  and  when  persons,  curious  to  know  mine,  have  questioned  me, 
to  avoid  discussion,  I  have  the  last  few  years  referred  them  to  the  admir- 
able work  of  John  Fiske. 

"While I  am  disposed  to  avoid  public  notice,  I  feel  some  recompense  in 
your  having  read  my  note  to  your  audience,  as  it  may  tend  to  remove  the 
reproach  of  atheism,  which  you  know  is  so  unreasonably  and  freely  im- 
puted to  all  naturalists  and  philosophers. 

"Through  life  I  have  been  conscious  of  having  been  a  devoted  wor- 
shiper (again  to  quote  Mr.  Fiske)  '  of  an  ever-present  God,  without  whom 
not  a  sparrow  falls  to  the  ground;'  and  I  have  often  felt  annoyed  at  the 
implied  reproach  of  infidelity  from  the  self-sufficient  who  consider  that 
they  fulfill  all  religious  duty  in  lip-service  to  the  same  Deity." 

Though  not  a  regular  attendant  of  any  church,  he  was  pleased  to  listen 
occasionally  to  sermons  of  the  Rev.  Drs.  Phillips  Brooks  (Episcopalian), 
Ed.  R.  Beadle  (Presbyterian)  and  William  H.  Furness  (Unitarian).  The 
teaching  of  the  last  was  in  accordance  with  his  own  religious  views. 

The  genius  of  Dr.  Leidy — an  innate  force  that  seems  to  dominate  the 

*  Discourses  in  America.    By  Matthew  Arnold.    Macmillan  &  Co.,  London,  1885,  p.  113. 


36 

exercise  of  the  natural  aptitudes  or  talents — a  force  none  of  his  ancestors 
possessed,  and  is  therefore  not  ascribable  to  heredity — impelled  him  to 
investigate  natural  objects  and  portray  those  which  had  not  been  previ- 
ously described.  His  strong  egoism  was  more  gratified  in  this  occupation 
than  in  any  other.  Some  of  his  contemporaries,  who  wrought  in  the  same 
field,  possibly  may  have  done  more,  but  in  the  accuracy  of  their  work 
none  surpassed  him. 

Prof.  Cesare  Lombroso,  of  Turin,  forcibly  argues  that  genius  of  every 
kind  is  always  associated  with  abnormal  conditions  of  the  organism,  and 
for  such  reason  its  presence  is  significant  of  some  degree  or  kind  of  degen- 
eration.* Dr.  Leidy  was,  as  geniuses  generally  are  said  to  be,  precocious 
and  sterile  ;  also,  emotional  and  so  far,  neuropathic.  During  his  visits  to 
Europe,  too  long  and  too  eager  quest  of  whatever  he  sought  was  some- 
times followed  by  a  feverish  state  and  an  unpleasant  degree  of  nervous 
depression  ;  but  perfect  rest  for  a  day,  as  his  diaries  show,  enabled  him  to 
resume  his  pursuits. 

Dr.  Leidy  had  a  rare  experience  of  living  nearly  sixty-eight  years  with- 
out provoking  personal  hostility,  without  making  an  enemy.  Troops  of 
friends  encouraged  his  pursuits,  and  among  them  some  were  ever  ready  to 
give  him,  when  needed,  substantial  help  to  publish  his  works.  No  votary 
of  natural  history  was  helped  more  or  more  favored  or  more  popular. 

Announcement  of  his  death  brought  expressions  of  regret  for  the  loss 
sustained  and  of  admiration  of  his  character  from  many  citizens.  News- 
papers published  sketches  of  his  career  and  praised  his  works  and  ways. 

The  Alumni  Society  of  the  Medical  Department  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  held  its  annual  meeting  in  the  evening  of  the  same  day.  The 
President,  Dr.  Alfred  Stille,  officially  announced  that  Dr.  Leidy  had  died 
in  the  morning,  and  said,  among  other  things,  that  by  the  death  of  Dr. 
Leidy  the  University  "looses  the  profoundest  and  most  consummate  teacher 
that  ever  held  the  Chair  of  Anatomy,  and  whose  fame  as  a  comparative 
anatomist,  paleontologist,  geologist,  zoologist  and  botanist  was  not 
bounded  by  his  native  city  or  country,  but  was  coextensive  with  the 
civilized  world. 

"  No  man,  who  had  such  reason  to  be  proud,  was  ever  more  humble. 
His  simple  and  amiable  manners  attached  to  him  the  old  as  well  as  the 

*The  Man  of  Genius.  By  Cesare  Lombroso,  Professor  of  Legal  Medicine  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Turin  ;  with  illustrations.  Walter  Scott,  24  Warwick  Lane,  London,  and  Charles 
Scribner's  Sons,  New  York,  1S91. 


37 

young,  and  made  him  revered  in  the  gravest  circles  of  the  learned  and 
loved  by  the  students,  whom  he  inspired  by  his  example  and  enriched  by 
his  knowledge." 

The  Wagner  Free  Institute  of  Science  recorded  fits  sense  of  loss  in  a 
minute,  as  follows  : 

"With  feelings  of  deep  sorrow  we  record  the  death  of  Dr.  Joseph 
Leidy,  who,  for  the  past  six  years  has  stood  at  the  head  of  the  science 
work  of  our  Institute  as  President  of  the  Faculty  and  Director  of  the 
Museum. 

"The  death  of  this  true  and  honest  man,  as  gentle  as  he  was  strong,  as 
humble  as  he  was  great,  is  to  the  whole  civilized  world,  as  it  is  to  our  own 
country,  the  loss  of  one  of  the  most  distinguished  scientists  of  the  day  ; 
while  to  Philadelphia,  the  city  of  his  birth  and  life-long  home,  it  is  the 
loss,  not  only  of  one  of  her  greatest  men,  but  as  well  of  a  true  and  faith- 
ful son,  who  loyally  spent  his  whole  life  in  her  service,  and  who  died,  as 
he  lived,  in  entire  devotion  to  duty,  wholly  forgetful  of  himself,  and  mind- 
ful of  the  welfare  of  others. 

"To  the  Wagner  Free  Institute  of  Science  the  loss  occasioned  by  his 
death  is  beyond  repair.  The  place  he  has  left  vacant  cannot  be  filled. 
To  him,  more  than  any  other  man,  and  to  his  good  guidance  more  than 
anything  else,  is  due  whatever  has  been  accomplished  by  the  Institute 
since  the  death  of  its  founder,  in  the  organization  and  conduct  of  its  work 
in  the  cause  of  science.  It  is  impossible  to  express  in  words  the  debt  of 
gratitude  we  owe  to  him  ;  only  by  deeds  can  we  give  expression  to  it,  by 
striving  to  carry  out  the  work  which  he  has  planned  for  us  with  such 
consummate  skill,  that  it  may  become  a  living  memorial  of  his  earnest 
labors,  his  broad  intelligence  and  his  commanding  knowledge." 

And  in  the  first  paragraph  of  his  Valedictory  Address  to  the  graduating 
classes  in  medicine  and  dentistry  of  the  University,  delivered  at  the 
annual  commencement,  May  1,  1891,  Prof.  James  Tyson  said  :  "The  ink 
was  scarcely  dry  on  my  page  when  came  the  intelligence  that  Joseph 
Leidy  was  seriously  ill,  and  close  on  this  fact  of  his  death.  This  most 
unexpected  calamity  has  changed  the  present  occasion  from  one  of  rejoic- 
ing to  one  of  mourning — scarcely  mitigated  by  the  circumstance  that  Dr. 
Leidy  died  as  he  wished,  after  a  short  illness  and  with  his  shoulder,  as  it 
were,  still  at  the  wheel.  For  Dr.  Leidy  never  ceased  to  work.  His 
industry  was  only  equaled  by  his  intellect,  and  these  by  the  sweet 
simplicity  of  his  life.     He  loved  science  for  science's  sake,  and  neither 


38 

poverty  nor  promise  of  riches,  nor  ambition,  nor  princely  decoration 
could  swerve  him  from  his  purpose.  We  are  stupefied  by  the  suddenness 
of  our  loss.  And  there  is  a  fitness  in  the  association  of  the  end  of  your 
greatest  teacher's  life,  and  the  new  commencement  of  your  own,  which 
ought  not  to  be  without  its  effect  in  keeping  green  his  precious  memory, 
and  in  stimulating  you  to  emulate  his  example." 

The  funeral  services  were  at  the  First  Unitarian  Church,  May  2. 
Members  of  the  societies  to  which  he  belonged,  the  Faculties  of  the  Uni- 
versity, and  prominent  citizens  in  large  numbers  were  present.  The 
venerable  and  Rev.  Dr.  Furness  officiated,  and  delivered  an  eloquent 
and  touching  tribute  to  his  worth. 

His  remains,  and  at  the  same  time  those  of  his  brother,  Dr.  Philip 
Leidy,  who  died  April  29,  were  cremated,  May  9. 

Not  long  afterwards  representatives  of  the  University  solicited  contribu- 
tions to  an  endowment  of  $50,000  to  be  raised  at  once  and  exclusively 
devoted  to  the  use  of  his  widow  ;  and  ultimately  revert  to  the  University, 
"to  establish  and  endow  the  Leidy  Memorial  Museum  as  an  independent 
part  of  the  great  museum"  projected  for  the  Institution.  Dr.  Leidy  be- 
queathed a  modest  sufficiency  for  his  family.  For  such  reason,  probably, 
the  necessity  of  the  proposed  endowment  was  not  generally  regarded  to 
be  urgent.  About  the  same  time  it  was  decided  to  obtain  an  endowment 
for  the  Chair  of  Anatomy,  the  sum  to  be  counted  in  the  General  Endow- 
ment Fund  of  $250,000  for  the  Medical  Department,  which,  to  make  Dr. 
Pepper's  conditional  subscription  of  $50,000  payable,  "must  be  secured 
before  June  1, 1892,"  and  then  designate  this  chair  by  "the  illustrious  name 
of  Leidy,  whose  labors  gave  it  imperishable  fame."  "No  more  fitting 
memorial,"  says  the  circular,  "can  be  found  for  this  great  man  and 
beloved  teacher."  And  the  other  circular  says,  "  No  memorial  of  Joseph 
Leidy  can  be  more  fitting  than  a  museum  in  which  will  be  garnered  the 
infinite  variety  of  natural  objects  which  formed  the  basis  of  his  admirable 
studies." 

Prof.  J.  P.  Lesley,  his  personal  and  scientific  friend,  early  in  May  pub- 
lished in  the  Christian  Register  a  warm  tribute  to  his  worth  and  memory. 
He  said  among  other  statements  :  "The  eulogy  of  the  dead  runs  easily 
into  exaggeration.  In  this  case  that  cannot  happen.  Rare  men  are  so 
rare — a  few  in  a  generation,  here  and  there  one  whose  excellence  is 
above  degrees,  the  perfect  man,  the  ideal  man.  He  is  like  a  statue  set 
up  in  the  public  park  of  the  metropolis,  veiled  until  the  day  of  showing 


39 

comes.  Death  drops  the  veil,  and  the  splendid  apparition  smites  the 
heart  of  the  community  with  a  strange  astonishment." 

He  also  said,  in  substance,  that  while  Cope  and  Marsh  were  working 
the  fossiliferous  field  into  which  Dr.  Leidy  had  entered  long  before,  and 
by  his  labor  made,  in  a  sense,  his  own,  they  fell  into  disputes  over  priority 
of  dates  of  different  names  of  genera  and  species  found  in  the  later  strata 
of  a  Western  Territory,  in  which  contention  Leidy,  the  friend  of  both, 
refused  to  take  any  part.  And,  it  seems  proper  to  add,  so  dominant  was 
his  repugnance  to  controversy  of  every  kind  that  be  left  his  friends,  freed 
from  his  participation,  to  compete  with  each  other,  and  for  a  considerable 
period  engaged  in  an  entirely  different  field  of  investigation,  to  return 
not  very  long  afterwards  to  his  beloved  paleontology. 

The  Trustees  of  the  Building  Fund  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences 
ordered,  May  15,  1891,  a  memorial  notice  to  be  preserved  with  the  record 
of  their  proceedings,  in  which  it  is  stated  that  "his  modest,  amiable  de- 
portment at  all  times,  his  abiding  interest  in  the  welfare  of  the  Academy 
and  in  the  progress  of  the  natural  sciences,  won  for  him  the  unreserved 
confidence  and  respect  of  his  colleagues  on  the  Board,  and  made  his  pres- 
ence at  its  meetings  always  welcome.  But  his  connection  with  the 
Trustees  and  his  many  official  positions  in  the  Academy  could  not  add  to 
the  high  estimation  in  which  he  was  held  in  the  community.  His  accu- 
rate and  extensive  knowledge  of  natural  history  in  all  its  departments, 
his  writings,  his  most  acceptable  teachings  as  Professor  of  Natural  History 
in  Swarthmore  College,  and  as  Professor  of  Human  Anatomy  in  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  during  more  than  a  third  of  a  century,  from 
May,  1853,  obtained  for  him  a  deserved  reputation  and  fame  among  the 
friends  of  the  Natural  Sciences  at  home  and  abroad." 

In  his  Address  to  the  Graduating  Class  of  1891,  at  Swarthmore  College, 
June  16,  the  President  of  the  Board  of  Managers,  Mr.  Joseph  "Wharton, 
said:  "And  since  nothing  more  potently  aids  us  in  the  struggle  to  be- 
come wiser  and  better  than  observation  of  those  who  stand  above  us,  and 
study  of  their  methods,  I  can  do  nothing  more  fitting  this  occasion  than 
endeavor  to  show  you  how  this  great  man  came  to  be  so  eminent,  so 
trusted  and  so  beloved. 

"Joseph  Leidy  inherited  excellent  constitution  of  mind  and  body  ;  he 
was  transparently  sincere  and  absolutely  devoted  to  truth;  he  was  re- 
markably devoid  of  selfishness  in  any  form  ;  he  had  persistent  and  life- 
long diligence  ;  he  was  systematic  in  his  expenditure  and  careful  in  his 


40 

economy  of  time  ;  he  held  firmly  to  whatever  task  he  undertook  ;  his 
temper  was  cheerfully  equable  and  his  disposition  affectionate." 

Commenting  on  each  of  these  characteristics  successively,  in  a  lucid 
style,  Mr.  Wharton  thus  happily  concludes  his  pleasing  address  :  "If  now 
I  have  succeeded  in  showing  you  that  every  part  of  Dr.  Leidy's  great 
eminence  grew  out  of  the  cultivation  of  such  natural  powers  as  your  own, 
and  out  of  the  constant  practice  of  such  simple  virtues  as  should  also  be 
yours,  that,  in  a  word,  you  may  hope  to  scale  such  heights,  to  breathe 
such  lofty  air,  to  serve  so  well  your  kind,  and  to  attain  such  universal 
respect  and  affection,  without  possessing  other  genius  than  that  which  has 
been  defined  as  'an  infinite  capacity  for  taking  pains  ; '  and  if  in  showing 
this  I  have  stirred  in  you  a  secret  resolution  to  make  your  lives  bear  some 
resemblance  to  his  clean  and  fruitful  life,  my  aim  has  been  reached." 

The  tribute  delivered  at  the  opening  session  of  the  Congress  of  Ameri- 
can Physicians,  assembled  at  "Washington,  D.  C,  September  21,  1891,  is 
the  last.  Dr.  Pepper,  the  distinguished  Provost  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  said:  "In  the  death  of  Joseph  Leidy,  which  occurred 
April  30,  1891,  at  the  age  of  sixty-eight  years,  the  medical  profession 
in  America  lost  its  most  loved  and  honored  member,  and  American 
science  its  most  illustrious  representative.*  It  makes  a  difference  to  the 
world  when  such  a  man  passes  away.  At  his  birth  Nature  gave  him  her 
accolade,  and  all  his  life  long  he  was  loyal  to  the  holy  quest  of  truth, 
which  is  the  vow  imposed  on  those  whom  she  invests  as  her  chosen 
knights.  Who  can  say  how  much  of  the  marvelous  and  inexhaustible 
knowledge  of  nature  this  great  man  possessed  came  from  the  singleness 
of  his  life  and  the  purity  of  his  heart,"  etc.,  etc. 

Leidy's  life  sustains  rather  Arthur  Schopenhaur's  opinion,  that 
"thinkers  and  men  of  genius  are  those  who  have  gone  straight  to  the 
book  of  Nature  ;  it  is  they  who  have  enlightened  the  world  and  carried 
humanity  further  on  its  way."f 

*  Knowing  that  Dr.  Leidy  had  entirely  ceased  to  practice  medicine  more  than  forty 
years  before,  a  witty  friend  of  the  Provost,  after  reading  his  graceful  eulogy,  remarked  in 
substance  that  it  was  like  telling  an  assembly,  representative  of  all  the  tanners  of  the 
United  States  that,  in  the  death  of  General  Grant,  they  had  lost  the  most  beloved  mem- 
ber of  the  trade. 

t  November  17, 1891,  Dr.  William  Hunt  delivered  an  address  on  his  University  career 
before  the  alumni  and  students  of  the  Medical  Department  of  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania. 


41 

Postscript. — In  the  preparation  of  the  preceding  sketch,  the  writer  has 
earnestly  endeavored  to  avoid  errors  and  hopes  that  he  may  have  fairly 
succeeded.  Mindful  that  death  at  once  hides  the  blemishes  of  a  man  from 
the  eyes  of  those  who  loved  him  while  living,  and  at  the  same  time 
magnifies  his  virtues,  the  aim  has  been  to  present  an  accurate  outline  of 
his  character.  Incidents  connected  with  the  career  of  Dr.  Leidy,  though 
some  of  them  may  be  unimportant  or  even  trivial,  have  been  narrated 
under  an  impression  that  they  may  assist  in  conveying  a  true  representa- 
tion of  him. 

The  degree  of  usefulness  to  the  world  of  his  life-long  work,  according 
to  the  opinion  that  may  be  formed  of  it  in  the  future,  will  be  the  criterion 
of  its  worth  as  well  as  the  measure  of  the  duration  of  his  reputation. 


43 


APPENDIX. 


Societies  at  Home  and  Abroad  of  which  Dr.  Joseph  Leidy  was  a  Member. 

Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,  1845. 

Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  July  29, 1845. 

Naturhistorischer  Verein  fur  das  Grossherzogthum  Hesse  und  Umgebung,  1848. 

American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  1849. 

American  Philosophical  Society,  Oct.,  1849. 

Fellow  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia,  1S51. 

Philadelphia  County  Medical  Society. 

SociSte  de  Biologie,  Paris,  1851. 

Medical  Society  of  Virginia,  1852. 

Linnean  Society  of  Pennsylvania  College,  Gettysburg,  1853. 

Socitite  Imperiale  de  Naturalistes  de  Moscow,  1853. 

Logan  Institute,  Virginia,  1853. 

Zoosophical  Society  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  1853. 

Philomathian  Society  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  1854. 

Society  des  Sciences  des  Arts  et  des  Lettres  de  Hainault,  1853. 

Dallas  Historical  Society,  1855. 

Iowa  Lyceum,  Des  Moines,  1855. 

Natural  History  Society  of  Charleston,  S.  C,  1855. 

American  Medical  Association,  1856. 

Academy  of  Sciences,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  1856. 

K.  Leopoldinisch  Carolinische  Deutsche  Akademie  der  Naturforscher,  1857. 

Zoological  Society  of  London,  1857. 

K.  Bairische  Akademie  der  Wissenschaften,  1858. 

Dublin  University  Zoological  and  Botanical  Association,  1859. 

Burlington  County  [N.  J.]  Lyceum  of  History  and  Natural  Science,  1859. 

K.  Bomische  Gesellschaft  der  Wissenschaften,  1860. 

R.  Academia  economicoagraria  dei  Georafili  di  Firenze,  1861. 

K.  K.  Zoologisch-botanischer  Verein,  Wien,  1861. 

Geological  Society  of  London,  1861. 

Dublin  Natural  History  Society,  1863. 

National  Academy  of  Sciences  [an  original  member],  1863. 

Minnesota  Historical  Society,  1863. 

Entomological  Society  of  Pennsylvania,  1864. 

College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Reading,  1870.    ' 

Alumni  Society  of  the  Medical  Department  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  1871. 

Anthropological  Society  of  London,  1872. 

Linnean  Society  of  London,  1872. 

Minnesota  Academy  of  Natural  Science,  1873. 

Societe  Nationale  des  Sciences  Naturelles  de  Strasbourg,  1873. 

Sociedad  Mexicana  de  Historia  Natural,  1874. 


44 

Zoological  Society  of  Philadelphia.  1876. 
Literary  and  Philosophical  Society  of  Liverpool,  1877. 
Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania,  1884. 
Biological  Society  of  Washington,  D.  C,  1834. 
New  York  Microscopical  Society,  1884. 
K.  Danske  Videnskabernes  Selskab,  1886. 
Essex  Institute,  1887. 

Victoria  Institute,  or  Philosophical  Society  of  Great  Britain,  1888 
Anthropometric  Society,  P. 
Association  of  American  Anatomists,  P. 
In  all  50. 

Dr.  Leidy's  Medical  Papers  and  Books. 

The  Medical  Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences  : 

On  Several  Important  Points  in  the  Anatomy  of  the  Human  Larynx.  Vol.  12,  pp.  141-43, 
1846. 

Researches  into  the  Comparative  Structure  of  the  Liver.  Vol.  15,  pp.  13-25,  3  plates,  Jan., 
1848. 

On  the  Intimate  Structure  and  History  of  the  Articular  Cartilages.  Vol.  17,  pp.  277-94, 
2  plates,  April,  1849. 

Intermaxillary  Bone  in  the  Embryo  of  the  Human  Subject.  Vol.  17,  p.  577,  1819.  Also 
reported  Jan.  9,  1849,  in  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Vol.  4,  pp.  145-47. 

Notice  of  Certain  Bodies  observed  in  the  Human  Subject.    Vol.  20,  pp.  89-91,  1850. 

Human  Anatomy.  By  James  Quain,  M.D.  Edited  by  Richard  Quain,  F.R.S.,  and  Wil- 
liam Sharpey,  M.D.,  F.R.S  ,  Professor  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology  in  University  Col- 
lege, London.  First  American  from  the  Fifth  London  Edition.  Edited  by  Joseph 
Leidy,  M.D.  In  2  Vols.,  with  over  500  illustrations.  Lea  &  Blanchard,  Philadel- 
phia, 1849. 

Atlas  of  Pathological  Histology.  By  Gottlieb  Gluge,  Professor  of  Physiology  and  Patho- 
logical Anatomy  in  the  University  of  Bruxelles  ;  Member  of  the  Royal  Academy  of 
Bruxelles.  Translated  from  the  German  by  Joseph  Leidy,  M.D.,  Pathologist  to  St. 
Joseph's  Hospital,  Philadelphia ;  Fellow  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadel- 
phia ;  Honorary  Fellow  of  the  Medical  Society  of  Virginia ;  Corresponding  Member 
of  the  Biological  Society  of  Paris,  etc.  With  320  figures,  plain  and  colored,  on  12 
copperplate  engravings.    Folio,  pp.  100.    Blanchard  &  Lea,  Philadelphia,  1853. 

The  Medical  and  Surgical  History  of  the  War  of  the  Rebellion.    Quarto.    Part  i, 
Vol.  2,  1870.    Surgical  History  : 
Report  of  Case  of  Gunshot  Wound  of  the  Cervical  Vertebrae,  with  Autopsy  and  Specimen. 

p.  431,  1863. 
Gunshot  Wound  of  Rib,  with  Autopsy  and  Specimen,    p.  569. 

Part  ii,  Vol.  2,  1876.    Surgical  History: 
Gunshot  Flesh  Wound,  with  Autopsy,    p.  439. 

Excision  of  Humerus  necrosed  after  Gunshot  Wound,  with  Autopsy,    p.  596. 
Gunshot  Wound  of  Forearm,  with  Autopsy  and  Specimen,    p.  927. 


45 

Specimen  of  Ulna  successfully  excised  on  Account  of  Gunshot  Wound,  with  Report  of 
the  Case.    p.  962. 

Part  ii,  Vol.  1, 1879.    Medical  History  : 
Reports  of  Cases  and  Autopsies  made  from  July  30,  1862,  to  Oct.  25, 1864.  pp.  109-122 ;. 
and  subsequently  p.  300,  p.  518  and  p.  581. 

Note. — Dr.  J.  Leidy's  official  communications  to  Surgeon-General  Barnes  embrace 
reports  of  more  than  sixty  autopsies  and  cases. 

An  Elementary  Treatise  on  Human  Anatomy.  By  Joseph  Leidy,  M.D.,  Professor  of 
Anatomy  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania ;  Curator  of  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences ;  Member  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  American  Academy  of 
Arts  and  Sciences,  Natural  History  Society,  Boston,  Lyceum  of  Natural  History,  New 
York,  Elliot  Natural  History  Society,  Charleston,  S.  C,  Medical  Society  of  Virginia,. 
Academy  of  Sciences  of  St.  Louis,  Imperial  Society  of  Moscow,  Royal  Academy  of 
Sciences,  Munich,  Imperial  Leopold  Carol.  Academy  of  Sciences  of  Jena,  Biological 
Society  of  Paris,  Society  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  Mons,  Zoological  Society,  London, 
United  Zoological  and  Botanical  Association,  Berlin,  etc.  With  392  illustrations.  J. 
B.  Lippincott  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  1861. 

Intestinal  Worms.  8vo,  pp.  930-964  incl.,  in  Vol.  2  of  A  System  of  Practical  Medicine: 
By  American  Authors.  Edited  by  William  Pepper,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  etc.;  assisted  by 
Louis  Starr,  M.D.,  etc.    Lea,  Brothers  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  1888. 

An  Elementary  Treatise  on  Human  Anatomy.  By  Joseph  Leidy,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  Professor 
of  Human  and  Comparative  Anatomy  and  Zoology  in  the  University  of  Pennsylva- 
nia ;  President  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  and  of  the  Faculty  of  the  Wag- 
ner Free  Institute  of  Science.  Second  Edition,  rewritten,  with  495  illustrations. 
8vo,  pp.  950.    J.  B. Lippincott  Company,  Philadelphia,  18S9. 

Dr.  Leidy's  Books  and  Papers  on  Natural  History. 

Anatomical  Description  of  the  Animal  of  Littorina  angulifera.  Illustrated.  [Presented 
July  16, 1845.]    Boston  Journal  of  Natural  History,  Vol.  5,  pp.  314-17.    Boston,  1847. 

On  the  Anatomy  of  the  Animal  of  Helix  albolabris,  Say.  Illustrated.  Proceedings  of  the 
Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  2,  p.  57, 1845. 

On  the  Sack  of  the  Dart,  and  of  the  Dart  in  Several  Species  of  American  Pneumo- 
branchiate  Mollusks.    Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  2,  pp.  59-60, 1845. 

A  Notice  of  Helix  lithophaga,  p.  207,  Official  Report  of  the  United  States  Expedition  to> 
Explore  the  Dead  Sea  and  River  Jordan.  By  Lieut.  W.  F.  Lynch,  U.S.N.  Published 
at  the  National  Observatory,  Washington.    Quarto,  printed  in  Baltimore,  1852. 

Dr.  Leidy's  Papers  Published  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Amer.  Philos.  Soc. 

Octavo. 

Verbal  Remarks,  March  4, 1859,  on  the  Geology  of  the  Headwaters  of  the  Missouri.    Vol. 

7,  p.  10. 
A  Biographical  Notice  of  Isaac  Lea,  LL.D.    Read  Nov.  18, 1887.    Vol.  14,  pp.  400-3. 


4(5 

Dr.  Leidy's  Papers  Published  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Ajier.  Philos.  Soc. 

Vol.  10,  New  Series,  Quarto,  Published  1S53 : 

On  the  Organization  of  the  Genus  Gregarina  of  Dufour.  Read  Jan.  3, 1851,  pp.  233-40,  2 
plates. 

Some  Observations  on  Nernatoidea  imperfecta,  and  Description  of  Three  Parasitic  Infu- 
soria,   pp.  241-44, 1  plate. 

Description  of  an  Extinct  Species  of  American  Lion.  Read  May  7,  1852,  pp.  319-24,  1 
plate. 

A  Memoir  on  the  Extinct  Dicotylina  of  North  America.  Read  May  21, 1852,  pp.  323-43, 
4  plates. 

In  Vol.  11,  New  Series,  Quarto,  I860: 
Notice  of  the  Remains  of  the  Walrus  discovered  on  the  Coast  of  the  United  States,   pp. 

83-S6. 
Descriptions  of  the  Remains  of  Fishes  from  the  Carboniferous  Limestone  of  Illinois  and 

Missouri.    Read  July  15,  1S56,  pp.  87-90. 
Saurocephalus  and  its  Allies.    Read  Nov.  21,  1856,  pp.  90-95. 
Observations  on  the  Extinct  Peccary  of  North  America  ;  being  a  Sequel  to  a  Memoir  on 

the  Extinct  Dicotylinae  of  America.    Read  Nov.  21, 1856,  pp.  96-105. 
Extinct  Vertebrate  from  Judith  River  and  Great  Lignite  Formations  of  Nebraska,  pp. 

139-54,  plate. 

United  States  Geological  Survey  of  the  Territories. 

Description  of  the  Remains  of  Extinct  Mammalia  and  Chelonia  from  Nebraska  Terri- 
tory, collected  during  the  Geological  Survey  under  the  Direction  of  Dr.  David  Dale 
Owen.  By  Joseph  Leidy,  M.D.,  of  Philadelphia.  Quarto.  Pp.  540-72  of  the  Report 
of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Wisconsin,  Iowa  and  Minnesota.  By  D.  D.  Owen,  under 
instructions  of  the  U.  S.  Treasury  Department.  Lippincott,  Grambo  &  Co.,  Philadel- 
phia, 1852. 

Contributions  to  the  Extinct  Vertebrate  Fauna  of  the  Western  Territories.  By  Prof. 
Joseph  Leidy.  Quarto,  pp.  35S,  37  plates.  Being  Vol.  1  of  the  Report  of  the  United 
States  Geological  Survey  of  the  Territories.  By  F.  V.  Hayden,  United  States  Geologist 
in  Charge.    In  Five  Volumes.    Government  Printing  Press,  Washington,  1873. 

Freshwater  Rhizopods  of  North  America.  By  Joseph  Leidy,  M.D.,  Professor  of  Anatomy 
in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  and  of  Natural  History  in  Swarthmore  College, 
Pennsylvania.  Government  Printing  Office,  Washington,  1879.  Quarto,  pp.  324+48 
=372.  Illustrated  by  six  figures  intercalated  in  the  text,  and  48  plates  which  contain 
1180  figures  of  31  genera  and  S4  species,  of  which  Dr.  Leidy  originally  described  52 
species.  All  the  figures  were  first  drawn  and  colored  by  Dr.  Leidy,  to  be  copied  by 
artists. 

Journal  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia. 
Second  Series.    Quarto. 

1 .  History  and  Anatomy  of  the  Hemipterous  Genus  Belostoma.    2.  Miscellanea  Zoolog- 

ica.    Vol.  1,  pp.  57-67  and  67-70,  1  plate,  1S47. 
Descriptions   of   two  species  of   Distoma,  with  the  partial  history  of   one  of  them. 

Vol.  1,  pp.  301-309,  1  plate,  1S50. 


47 

Descriptions  of  Some  American  Annelida  abranchia.    Vol.  2,  pp.  43-50, 1  plate,  1850. 

Description  of  a  New  Species  of  Crocodile  from  the  Miocene  of  Virginia.  Vol.  2,  pp. 
135-8, 1  plate,  printed  Dec.  1851. 

On  the  Osteology  of  the  Head  of  Hippopotamus,  and  a  Description  of  the  Osteological 
Characters  of  a  New  Genus  of  Hippopotamidae.    Vol.  2,  pp.  207-24, 1  plate,  1853. 

■OnBathygnathus  borealis,  an  Extinct  Saurian  of  the  New  Red  Sandstone  of  Prince  Ed- 
ward's Island.  Vol.  2,  pp.  327-30, 1  plate,  1854. 

Contributions  towards  a  Knowledge  of  the  Marine  Invertebrate  Fauna  of  the  Coasts  of 
Rhode  Island  and  New  Jersey.   Vol.  3,  pp.  135-152,  2  plates,  1855. 

Descriptions  of  Some  Remains  of  Fishes  from  the  Carboniferous  and  Devonian  Forma- 
tions of  the  United  States.    Vol.  3,  pp.  159-65, 1  plate,  1856. 

Descriptions  of  Some  Extinct  Mam  m  aha.    Vol.  3,  pp.  166-71,  2  plates,  1856. 

The  Extinct  Mammalian  Fauna  of  Dakota  and  Nebraska.  Including  an  Account  of 
Some  Allied  Forms  from  Other  Localities,  together  with  a  Synopsis  of  the  Mamma- 
lian Remains  of  North  America.  Illustrated  with  30  plates.  Preceded  -with  an  In- 
troduction on  the  Geology  of  the  Tertiary  Formations  of  Dakota  and  Nebraska, 
accompanied  with  a  Map.  By  F.  V.  Hayden,  M.D.,  Professor  of  Mineralogy  and 
Geology  in  the  Univ.  of  Pa.,  U.  S.  Geologist,  etc.,  etc.    Vol.  7,  pp.  472, 1869. 

Note. — The  authors  of  the  above-named  work  were  enabled  to  execute  it  chiefly 
through  the  generosity  of  Messrs.  Joseph  Jeanes  and  William  P.  Wilstach,  to  whom,  as 
well  as  to  some  others,  they  acknowledge  indebtedness.  ^ 

m 

Description  of  Vertebrate  Remains  chiefly  from  the  Phosphate  Beds  of  South  Carolina. 

Vol.  8,  pp.  209-61,  5  plates,  1874-81. 
Parasites  of  the  Termites.    Vol.  8,  pp.  425-47,  2  plates,  1874-81. 
Remarks  on  Bathygnathus  borealis.    Vol.  8,  pp.  449-51. 
Urnatella  gracilis,  a  Fresh-water  Polyzoan.    Vol.  9,  pp.  5-16,  1  plate,  1884. 

Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowledge. 

Quarto. 

A  Flora  and  Fauna  within  Living  Animals.    (Accepted  for  publication  1851.)   Vol.  5,  pp. 

68,  10  plates,  1853. 
Memoir  on  the  Extinct  Species  of  Fossil  Ox.    (Accepted  for  publication  1852.)    Vol.  5, 

pp.  20,  5  plates,  1853. 
The  Ancient  Fauna  of  Nebraska ;  or  a  Description  of  Extinct  Mammalia  and  Chelonia 

from  the  Mauvaises  terres  of  Nebraska.    (Accepted  for  publication  1852.)  Vol.  6, 

pp.126,  25  plates,  1854. 
A  Memoir  on  the  Extinct  Sloth  Tribe  of  North  America.   (Accepted  for  publication  Dec, 

1853 ;  published  June,  1855.)  Vol.  7, 1855,  pp.  70, 16  plates. 
Cretaceous  Reptiles  of  the  United  States.    (Accepted  for  publication  Dec,  1864.)  Vol.  14, 

1865,  pp.  140,  20  plates. 

Annual  Reports  of  the  Board  of  Regents  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 

Drief  Review  of  a  Memoir  on  the  Cretaceous  Reptiles  of  the  United  States,  published  in 
the  Fourteenth  Volume  of  the  Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowledge.  By  the 
Author,  Joseph  Leidy,  M.D.  8vo,  pp.  66-73.  For  the  year  1864.  Washington,  D.  C, 
1865. 


48 


Written  and  Verbal  Communications  by  Dr.  Joseph   Leidy  Published  in  the 
Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia. 

1845. 

Notes  taken  on  a  Visit  to  White  Pond,  Warren  Co.,  N.  J.,  and  a  List  of  Ten  Species  of 

Fossil  Shells  collected  there.    Vol.  2,  p.  279. 
Verbal,  Nov.  18,  That  his  microscopic  observation  of  a  portion  of  a  vertebra  of  the  Fossil 

Zeuglodon  shows  that  it  has  all  the  characteristics  of  recent  bone.    Vol.  2,  p.  292. 

1S46. 

Remarks  on  the  Anatomy  of  the  Abdominal  Viscera  of  the  Sloth,  Bradypus  tridactylis. 

Vol.  3,  pp.  72-4,  2  figures. 
On  the  Anatomy  of  Spectrum  femoratum,  Say.   Vol.  3,  pp.  80-4.    Illustrated  by  18  figures 

on  2  plates. 
On  the  mechanism  which  closes  the  membranous  wings  of  the  genus  Locusta.    Vol.  3, 

p.  104, 1  fig. 
Descriptions  of  a  new  genus  and  species  of  Entozoon,  Cryptobia  helicis.    Vol.  3,  p.  100, 

1  fig.    [Finding  that  this  name,  Cryptobia,  had  been  previously  appropriated  he 

changed  it,  August,  1847,  to  Cryptoicus.] 
Verbal,  Oct.  6,  notice  that  he  had  lately  detected  an  Entozoon  [Trichina  spiralis]  in  the 

superficial  part  of  the  extensor  muscle  of  the  thigh  of  a  hog.    Vol.  3,  pp.  107-8. 
On  the  Situation  of  the  Olfactory  Sense  in  the  Terrestrial  Tribe  of  Gasteropodous  Mol- 

'iusca.    Vol.  3,  pp.  130-7. 
Verbal,  April  15,  remarks  on  the  great  fecundity  of  the  Cryptogamia  indicated  in  a 

specimen  Puffball.    Vol.  3,  p.  195. 

1847. 
Verbal,  May  4,  statement  that  he  has  observed  numerous  octagonal  crystals,  supposed 

to  be  oxalate  of  lime,  in  the  cellular  structure  of  several  species  of  Parmelia.    Vol. 

3,  p.  210. 
Verbal,  June  8,  notice  of  the  remains  of  sutures  of  the  incisive  bone  distinctly  trace- 
able in  the  cranium  of  a  New  Hollander,  then  exhibited.   Vol.  3,  p.  217. 
Verbal,  June  22,  description  of  Distoma  helicis,  an  Entozoon  found  in  the  pericardium 

of  Helix  alternata.    Vol.  3,  p.  220. 
Verbal,  Aug.  24,  remarks  on  the  teeth  of  the  specimen  of  Squatina  Dumerli  exhibited. 

Vol.  3,  p.  247. 
Description  and  Anatomy  of  a  New  and  Curious  Subgenus  Planaria.   Vol.  3,  pp.  248-51. 
Description  of  two  new  species  of  Planaria.    Vol.  3,  pp.  251-2. 
On  the  Fossil  Horse  of  America.    Vol.  3,  p.  262,  1  plate,  6  figs. 
Verbal,  Nov.  9,  remarks  on  the  slow  destructibility  of  Animal  Tissues  in  certain  states. 

Vol.  3,  p.  313. 
On  a  new  genus  and  species  of  Ruminantia,  Poebrotherium  Wilsonii.     Vol.  3,  pp.  322-6, 

1  plate,  6  figs. 
Verbal,  Dec.  14,  observations,  in  addition,  on  the  Fossil  Horse.    Vol.  3,  p.  328. 

1848. 
Verbal,  Jan.  11,  notice  that  he  had  found  an  eye  in  Balauus  rugosus,  heretofore  ad- 
mitted to  exist  only  in  the  larva  or  imperfect  stage  of  the  Cirrhopoda.    Vol.  4,  p.  1. 


49 

Verbal,  Feb.  15,  notice  of  the  hair  of  a  Hottentot  boy.    Vol.  4,  p.  7. 

On  some  peculiar  bodies  in  the  Boa  constrictor,  resembling  Pacinian  bodies.   Vol.  4,  pp. 

27-8,  4  figs. 
A  new  fossil  genus  and  species  of  ruminatoid  pachydermata,  Merycoidodon  Culbert- 

sonii.    Vol.  4,  pp.  47-50,  5  figs. 
Verbal,  Dec.  5,  remarks  on  the  development  of  the  Purkenjean  corpuscle  in  bone  ;  the 

intimate  structure  of  cartilage,  and  on  the  arrangement  of  the  areolar  sheath  of 

muscular  fasciculi  and  its  relations  to  the  tendon.    Vol.  4,  pp.  116-20. 

1849. 

Verbal,  Jan.  9,  remarks  on  the  existence  of  the  intermaxillary  bone  in  the  embryo  of 

the  human  subject.    Vol.  4,  pp.  145-7,  2  figs. 
Remarks  on  fragments  of  the  fossil  Tapir  deposited  in  the  Academy.    Vol.  4,  pp.  180-2. 
Remarks  on  species  of  Confervaceae ;  on  a  new  genus  of  Enterobrus  elegans ;  Cladophy- 

tum ;  a  new  genus  of  Entophyta ;  Cladophytum  somatum ;  Anthroruitus  (a  second 

new  genus) ;  new  Genera  of  Entozoa.    Vol.  4,  pp.  225-33. 
On  the  Existence  of  Entophyta  in  healthy  animals,  as  a  natural  condition.   Vol.  4,  pp. 

225-33. 
Observations  on  the  Character  and  Intimate  Structure  of  the  odoriferous  glands  of  the 

Invertebrata.   Vol.  4,  p.  234-6,  3  figs. 
New  genus  and  species  of  Entophyta.    Vol.  4,  pp.  249-50. 

1850. 

Remarks  on  Entophyta.    Vol.  5,  pp.  7-S. 

Verbal,  April  9,  that  he  had  observed  in  the  stomach  of  the  larva  of  Arctia  isabella  that 

the  nucleus  of  every  epithelial  cell  contained  an  octahedral  crystal,  the  axis  of 

which  measured  about  1.3750th  of  an  inch,  etc.,  etc.    Vol.  5,  p.  32. 
On  Crystalline  Bodies  in  the  tissues  of  plants.    Vol.  5,  pp.  32-3. 
On  Rhinoceros  occidentalis.    Vol.  5,  p.  119. 

Descriptions  of  new  Entophyta  growing  within  Animals.    Vol.  5,  p.  35. 
Eucrotaphus  Jacksoni,  and  Archseotherium  Mortoni,  from  fragments  of  crania  found  in 

Cumberland  Co.,  Pa.    Vol.  5,  pp.  92-3. 
Contributions  to  Helminthology.   Vol.  5,  pp.  96-8. 
Notes  on  the  Development  of  the  Gordius  aquaticus.    Vol.  5,  pp.  98-100. 
Two  new  species  of  Infusorial  Entozoa.    Vol.  5,  p.  100. 

Descriptions  of  some  Nematoid  Entozoa  infesting  Insects.    Vol.  5,  pp.  190-202. 
Descriptions  of  three  Filaria.    Vol.  5,  pp.  117-8. 
Remarks  on  the  nettling  organs  of  the  Hydra.    Vol.  5,  pp.  119-121. 
On    some    fossil    mammalian    remains :     Rhinoceros    Nebraskensis ;     Palaeotherium 

Bairdii  -,  Merycoidodon  Culbertsonii  and  Agriochcerus  antiquus.    Vol.  5,  pp.  121-2. 
Descriptions  of  new  genera  of  Vermes.    Vol.  5,  pp.  124-6. 

1851. 

Descriptions  of  new  species  of  Entozoa.    Vol.  5,  p.  155. 
On  some  fragments  of  Pala^otherium  Proutii.    Vol.  5,  pp.  170-1 . 
Fossil  Tortoise,  Stylemys  Nebrascensis.    Vol.  5,  p.  172. 
Testudo  lata— Emys  hemispherica.    Vol.  5,  p.  173. 
4 


50 

On  the  fungus  disease  of  Cicada  septemdecem.    Vol.  5,  p.  235. 

Verbal,  May  6,  on  transplanting  cancer.    Vol.  5,  p.  201. 

Verbal,  May  16,  that  he  had  found  a  dead  Mole  Cricket  (Grillo  talpa  Americana),  perfect 

in  all  its  parts,  the  body  of  which  was  everywhere  filled  with  a  parasitic  fungus,  the 

elliptical  or  globular  sporules  of  which  averaged  1.2333d  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  Vol. 

5,  p.  204. 
Contributions  to  Helminthology.    Vol.  5,  pp.  205-9. 
Helminthological  Contributions,  No-  2.    Vol.  5,  pp.  22-1-7. 
Remarks  on  Fragments  of  fossil  ruminant  ungulates.    Vol.  5,  p.  237-9. 
Helminthological  Contributions,  No.  3.    Vol.  5,  p.  239-41. 
Plumatella  diffusa,  a  branching  fresh-water  ciliated  Polyp.    Vol.  5,  pp.  261-2. 
Description  of  Cristatella  magnifica.    Vol.  5,  p.  265. 
Description  of  Spongilla  fragilis.    Vol.  5,  p.  278. 

Corrections  and  additions  to  former  papers  on  Helminthology.    Vol.  5,  pp.  284-90. 
Verbal,  Nov.  4,  that  he  had  examined  the  fossil  saurian  bones  presented  by  Mr.  Nash, 

and  found  that  they  belong  to  a  new  species  of  Crocodile  which  he  had  named  Cro- 

codilus  antiquus.    Vol.  5,  p  807. 
Descriptions  of  Balsena  palaeatlantica  and  Balsena  prisca,  Leidy,  based  on  fragments  of 

fossil  bones  from  the  Miocene  formation  of  Virginia.    Vol.  5,  pp.  308-9. 
On  some  American  fresh-water  Polyzoa.    Vol.  5,  pp.  320-2, 1  plate  with  5  figs. 
Verbal,  on  fossil  reptilian  and  mammalian  remains  found  in  the  green  sand  of  New 

Jersey :   Cimoliasaurus  magnus ;   Discosaurus  vetustus  ;   Priscodelphinus  Harlani  ; 

Priscodelphinus  grandavus ;  Crocodilus  fastigiatus ;  Emys  Oweni,  all  Leidy.    Vol.  5, 

p.  325-S. 
Fossils  from  the  Green  Sand  of  New  Jersey,  named  Chelonia  grandava  ;  Trionyx  pris- 

cus ;  Machairodus  prinMevus,  Leidy.    Vol.  5,  pp.  329-30. 
Contributions  to  Helminthology.    Vol.  5,  pp.  349-51. 

1852. 

Verbal,  Jan.  6,  remarks  on  Rhinoceros  Americanus,  named  from  fragments  of  fossil 

bones  collected  in  Nebraska.    Vol.  6,  p.  2. 
Verbal,  Jan.  13,  that  the  Cetacean  remains,  which  he  had  named  Priscodelphinus,  are 

the  first  relics  of  mammals  found  in  the  Cretaceous  group.   Vol.  6,  p.  3. 
Verbal,  Feb.  10,  on  Emys  Culbertsonii,  a  new  species.    Vol.  6,  p.  34. 
Verbal,  Feb.  17,  on  Delphinus  Conradi,  and  a  new  genus  and  species,  Thoracosaurus 

grandinis.    Vol.  6,  p.  35. 
Verbal,  March  2,  on  Pontogeneus  priscus.    Vol.  6,  p.  52. 
Verbal,  March  16,  Pointing  out  that  heads  of  the  Hippopotamus  from  X.   \V.    Africa 

differ  from  those  from  Southern  Africa.    Vol.  6,  p.  53. 
Verbal,  March  28,  on  a  fine  skeleton  of  Troglodytes  Gorilla,  presented  by  Dr.  Henry  A. 

Ford  of  Liberia.    Vol  6,  p.  53. 
On  Fossil  Tortoises  from  Nebraska.    Vol.  6,  p.  59. 

Verbal,  May  4,  notice  of  an  extinct  species  of  Ox,  and  Bootherium.    Vol.  6,  p.  71. 
On  the  Red  Snow  of  the  Arctic  Regions.    Vol.  6,  p.  59. 
On  the  Honey  Ant  of  Mexico.    Vol.  6,  p.  72. 
Remarks  on  various  fossil  teeth.    Vol.  6,  p.  241. 
On  some  fossil  fragments  from  Natches.    Vol.  6,  p.  303. 


51 

Verbal,  July  6,  remarks  on  Bison  latifrons  (Leidy)  and  B.  antiquus  Leidy  ;  and  on  several 

species  of  Megalonyx  (3  Leidy).    Vol.  6,  p.  117. 

1853. 
Verbal,  March  8,  notice  of  three  species  of  fossil  Ursus.    Vol.  6,  p.  303. 
Verbal,  Aug.  2,  remarks  on  Cetacean  fossil  bones  in  the  green  sand  of  X.  J.  :  and  on 

Cetacean  fossils  from  other  localities.   Vol.  6,  p.  377. 
Verbal,  Nov.  1,  notice  of  fishes  being  infested  with  a  parasitic  worm  of  the  genus  Dis- 

toma.    Vol.  6,  p.  433. 
Remarks  on  a  collection  of  fossil  mammalia  and  chelonia  from  the  Mauvaises  Terres  of 

Nebraska.    Vol.  6,  pp.  392-4. 

1854. 

Verbal,  May  23,  account  of  fossil  vertebrae  of  extinct  saurians,  which  he  named  Breino- 

saurus  grandis  and  Cimoliasaurus  magnus,  illustrated  by  6  figs,  on  a  plate.    Vol.  7, 

p.  72. 
Verbal,  June  6,  on  Bison  latifrons,  Arctodus  pristinus,  Hippodon  speciosus  and  Meryco- 

dus  necatus.   Vol.  7,  pp.  89-90. 
Synopsis  of  Extinct  Mammalia  from  Nebraska.    Vol.  7,  pp.  156-7. 
On  Denictis  felina.   Vol.  7,  p.  127. 
On  Hydrachma.    Vol.  7,  p.  202. 
Description  of  a  fossil  apparently  indicating  an  extinct  Species  of  the  Camel  Tribe. 

Vol.  7,  pp.  172-3. 
On  Urnatella  gracilis  and  a  new  species  of  Plumatella.    Vol.  7,  pp.  191-2. 
Notice  of  some  Fossil  Bones  Discovered  by  Mr.  Francis  A.  Lincke  in  the  Banks  of  the 

Ohio  River.   Vol.  7,  pp.  199-201. 
Remarks  on  the  question  of  the  identity  of  Bootherium  cavifrons  with  Ovibos  mos- 

chatus,  or  0.  maximus.   Vol.  7,  pp.  209-10. 

1855. 
On  a  so-called  Fossil  Man.    Vol.  7,  p.  34. 

Indications  of  twelve  species  of  Fossil  Fishes.    Vol.  7,  pp.  395-7. 
Indications  of  five  species  with  two  new  genera  of  Extinct  Fishes.   Vol.  7,  p.  414. 
Notices  of  some  Tape  Worms.   Vol.  7,  pp.  443-4. 

1856. 

Verbal,  Jan.  15,  on  Filaria  canis  cordis  filling  the  right  auricle  and  right  ventricle  of  the 
heart  of  a  dog,  which  was  exhibited.   Vol.  8,  p.  2. 

Description  of  two  Ichthyodorulites.    Vol.  8,  pp.  11-2. 

Synopsis  of  Entozoa  and  some  of  their  Ecto-congeners,  observed  by  the  Author.  Vol. 
8,  pp.  42-58. 

Notices  of  some  remains  of  extinct  Mammalia  recently  discovered  by  Dr.  F.  V.  Hay- 
den  in  the  Bad  Lands  of  Nebraska.    Vol.  8,  p.  59. 

Notices  of  extinct  Reptiles  and  Fishes,  discovered  by  Dr.  F.  V.  Hayden  in  the  Bad 
Lands  of  Judith  River,  Nebraska  Territory.   Vol.  8,  pp.  72-6. 

Notices  of  remains  of  extinct  Mammalia,  discovered  by  Dr.  F.  V.  Hayden  in  Nebraska 
Territory.    Vol.  8,  pp.  90-1. 

Notice  of  the  remains  of  a  species  of  Seal  from  the  postpliocene  deposit  of  the  Ottawa 
River.    Vol.  8,  pp.  90-1,  with  a  plate. 


52 

Notices  of  several  genera  of  extinct  Mammalia  previously  less  perfectly  characterized. 

Vol.  8,  pp.  91-2. 
Verbal,  Sept.  16,  in  reference  to  the  color  of  the  eyes  of  Platyphyllum  concerum  (Katy- 
did) being  greenish  by  day  and  cherry  red  at  night.   Vol.  8,  p.  162. 
Verbal,  Sept.  16,  that  oyster  and  clam  shells  are  perforated  by  a  sponge  of  the  genus 

Cliona.    Vol.  8,  p.  162-3. 
Notice  of  some  remains  of  extinct  vertebrated  animals.    Vol.  8,  pp.  163-5. 
Notices  of  remains  of  extinct  vertebrated  animals  of  New  Jersey,  collected  by  Prof. 

Cook  of  the  State  Geological  Survey,  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  W.  Kitchell.  Vol. 

8,  pp.  220-1. 
Notices  of  remains  of  extinct  vertebrated  animals  discovered  by  Proj.  E.   Emmons. 

Vol.  8,  pp.  255-6. 
Notice  of  some  remains  of  Fishes  discovered  by  Dr.  John  E.  Evans.    Vol.  8,  pp.  256-7. 
Notice  of  remains  of  two  species  of  Seal.   Vol.  8,  p.  265. 
Remarks  on  certain  extinct  species  of  Fishes.    Vol.  8,  pp.  301-2. 
Notices  of  remains  of  extinct  turtles  of  New  Jersey,  collected  by  Prof.  Cook,  of  the 

State  Geological  Survey,  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  W.  Kitchell.    Vol.  8,  pp.  303-4. 
Notices  of  extinct  Vertebrata  discovered  by  Dr.  F.  V.  Hayden  during  the  expedition  to 

the  Sioux  Country  under  the  command  of  Lieut.  G.  K.  Warren.    Vol.  8,  pp.  311-2. 

1857. 

List  of  extinct  Vertebrata,  the  remains  of  which  have  been  discovered  in  the  region 
of  the  Missouri  River ;  with  remarks  on  their  geological  age.    Vol.  9,  pp.  89-91. 

Notices  of  some  remains  of  extinct  Fishes.    Vol.  9,  pp.  167-8. 

Rectification  of  the  references  of  certain  of  the  extinct  mammalian  genera  of  Nebras- 
ka.  Vol.  9,  p.  175. 

Verbal,  Dec.  1,  on  a  large  species  of  Gordius  and  a  larva  of  Ostrea.    Vol.  9,  p.  204. 

Verbal,  Feb.  17,  observations  on  Entozoa  found  in  the  Naiades.    Vol.  9,  p.  18. 

Verbal,  June  2,  on  Coprolites  and  Shales  with  Posodinise.   Vol.  9,  p.  149. 

Verbal,  June  16,  on  the  new  red  sandstone  fossils  from  the  Gwynned  tunnel,  North  Pa. 
R.  R.  Vol.  9,  p.  150. 

Verbal,  Sept.  1,  on  the  dentition  of  Mososaurus ;  also  on  Occanthus.   Vol.  9,  pp.  176-7. 

Verbal,  Dec.  22,  on  a  curious  animalcule  found  on  stones  and  dead  plants  in  the  Schuyl' 
kill  and  Delaware  rivers.    Vol.  9,  p.  204. 

Verbal,  Dec.  22,  observations  on  the  introduction  of  the  camel  into  North  America. 

Vol.  9,  p.  210. 

1858. 

Verbal,  Jan.  12,  that  the  stomachs  of  Urnatella  gracilis  contained  voluntary  moving 
bodies,  which  might  prove  to  be  generative  bodies.    Vol.  10,  p.  1. 

Verbal,  Jan.  19,  that  the  extinct  camel  seemed  to  be  about  two-thirds  the  size  of  the 
recent  species.   Vol.  10,  p.  2. 

Verbal,  Feb.  2,  that  the  fossil  remains  from  the  Niobrara  river  belong  to  some  twenty  or 
more  species  which  are  distinct  from  those  found  in  the  Miocene  of  the  Mauvaises 
Terres,  as  well  as  from  those  of  a  subsequent  age.    Vol.  10,  p.  7. 

Verbal,  March  2,  that  with  the  collection  of  fossils  received  from  the  vicinity  of  Kansas 
river,  were  several  masses  of  a  yellowish  magnesian  limestone  containing  numerous 


53 

easts  of  a  very  peculiar  group  of  fossils ;  that  among  the  specimens  found  in  the  val- 
ley of  the  Niobrara  river,  Nebraska,  is  the  lower  jaw  of  a  new  species  of  Mastodon. 
Vol.  10,  p.  10. 

Verbal,  March  9,  that  after  inspecting  numerous  equine  remains  from  Niobrara,  he  in- 
clines to  believe  that  the  remains  of  the  horse  found  in  the  Postpliocene  deposits  of 
the  United  States  indicate  two  species.    Vol.  10,  p.  11. 

Notices  of  remains  of  extinct  vertebrata  from  the  valley  of  the  Niobrara  River,  col- 
lected during  the  exploring  expedition  of  1857,  in  Nebraska  under  the  command 
of  Lieut.  C.  K.  Warren,  U.  S.  Top.  Eng.,  by  Dr.  F.  V.  Hayden,  Geologist  to  the  Expe- 
dition.   Vol.  10,  pp.  20-9. 

Verbal,  April  6,  that  in  the  collection  from  Niobrara  two  additional  species  of  the  ancient 
camel  are  indicated  :  Procamelus  robustus  and  P.  gracilis.  He  mentioned  that  frac- 
tured fossils  are  best  mended  by  saturating  them  with  melted  beeswax.  Vol.  10,  p.  89. 

Verbal,  April  13,  that  he  had  named  a  fresh- water  worm  which  lives  in  tubes  of  mud 
Manayunkia  speciosa.    Vol.  10,  p.  90. 

Contributions  to  Helminthology.   Vol.  10,  pp.  110-2. 

Verbal,  June  29,  that  one-half  of  the  chrysalides  of  the  canker-worm  were  infected  by 
two  species  of  Ichneumon.   Vol.  10,  p.  137. 

Verbal,  Nov.  2,  that  he  and  Dr.  Bridges,  in  Lily  pond,  near  Newport,  R.  I.,  had  found  a 
species  of  Cristatella.    Vol.  10,  pp.  188-90. 

Verbal,  Dec.  14,  that  the  fossil  bones  obtained  from  Haddonfield,  N.  J.,  and  given  to  him 
by  Mr.  Foulke  for  description,  belonged  to  a  huge  extinct  herbivorous  Saurian,  which 
he  named  Hadrosaurns  Foulkii.    Vol.  10,  pp.  '215-8. 

1859. 

Verbal,  Jan.  11,  that  he  had  found  the  Manayunkia  speciosa  (a  curious  fresh-water 
worm,  a  drawing  of  which  he  exhibited)  in  great  abundance  at  the  foot  of  the  cliffs 
washed  by  the  ocean  near  Newport,  R.  I.  Vol.  11,  p.  2. 

Verbal,  Jan.  18,  that  from  fossil  remains  of  cartilaginous  fishes,  found  in  the  carbonifer- 
ous formations  of  Kansas,  he  had  made  three  species.   Vol.  11,  p.  3. 

Verbal,  March  22,  remarks  on  a  Mastodon  tooth  from  Tambla,  Honduras ;  and  teeth  and 
fragments  of  teeth  of  Mososaurus  from  the  green  sand  of  New  Jersey.    Vol.  11,  p.  91. 

Verbal,  April  12,  in  reference  to  ferruginous  rock  containing  remains  of  fishes.  Vol.  11, 
p.  110. 

Verbal,  April  19,  in  reference  to  fossil  bones  contained  in  so-called  guano  from  Sombrero, 
W.  I.,  which  were  exhibited.    Vol.  11,  p.  111. 

Verbal,  May  17,  on  specimens  of  PatEeobrochus  from  subsilurian  strata  which  he  con- 
sidered fossil,  though  its  organic  nature  had  been  denied.    Vol.  11,  p.  150. 

Verbal,  Aug.  23,  remarks  on  an  antler  of  a  reindeer,  and  on  an  animalcule,  a  drawing  of 
which  was  submitted,  found  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  named  Freyia  Americana.  Vol.  11,  p. 
194. 

1860. 

Verbal,  Feb.  11,  that  Albertite  is  a  product  from  the  distillation  of  bituminous  coals  or 

shales,  and  is  perfectly  amorphous.   Vol.  12,  p.  54. 
Verbal,  March  13,  on  Hyalomena  from  Japan.   Vol.  12,  p.  85. 
Verbal,  April  3,  that  experiments  with  Trichina  spiralis,  by  Prof.  Leuckart,  of  Giessen, 


54 

imply  that  the  animal  finds  its  way  into  the  human  body  through  food  or  drink.  Vol. 
12,  p.  96. 

Verbal,  July  24,  notice  of  a  specimen  of  Hyla.    Vol.  12,  p.  305. 

Verbal,  Oct.  9,  that  the  specimens  of  fossil  bones  from  Washington  Co.,  Texas,  indi- 
cated a  new  equine  genus,  and  a  species  of  Hippotherium.    Vol.  12,  p.  416. 

Verbal,  Oct.  16,  notice  of  an  extinct  Peccary.   Vol.  12,  p.  416. 

1861. 

Verbal,  April  16,  that  lignite  had  been  discovered  at  the  border  of  the  new  red  sand- 
stone on  Plymouth  creek,  near  Norristown,  Pa.    Vol.  13,  p.  77. 

1862. 

Verbal,  Nov.  18.  that  he  had  noticed  a  boulder,  apparently  of  Potsdam  sandstone,  at  the 
corner  of  Thirty-seventh  and  Market  streets,  exposed  by  digging  gravel,  which  is 
the  largest  transported  block  he  had  observed  in  our  vicinity.    Vol.  14,  p.  307. 

1863. 

Verbal,  Sept.  15,  that  he  had  found  a  Phalangopsis  rolled  in  a  leaf  of  a  spice  bush.  Vol. 
15,  p.  212. 

Verbal.  Nov.  3,  on  specimens  of  Xostoc  pruneiforme.    Vol.  15,  p.  281. 

I860. 

Verbal,  May  23,  that  a  boring  sponge  existed  during  the  Cretaceous  period.  Vol.  17, 
p.  77. 

Verbal,  June  6,  that  fossil  remains  of  horses  had  been  fouud  throughout  the  length  and 
breadth  of  the  North  American  continent.   Vol.  17,  p;  94. 

Verbal,  June  20,  that  he  had  fouud  at  Cape  Henlopen,  in  a  kitchen  refuse  heap,  a  clay 
pipe.    Vol.  17,  p.  95. 

Verbal,  S_jpt.  5,  remarks  on  a  foetal  dog-shark.    Vol.  17,  p.  175. 

Verbal,  Sept.  19,  in  reference  to  fossil  bones  of  Rhinoceros.    Vol.  17,  p.  176. 

Verbal,  Oct.  10,  remarks  on  specimens  of  oolitic  phosphates  of  lime  and  alumina  ;  also 
on  human  bones  from  a  guano  deposit  on  the  Island  Orchilla,  \V.  I.    Vol.  17,  p.  181. 

1866. 

Verbal.  Jan.  2,  on  part  of  a  human  skull  of  the  so-called  pigmy  race,  from  near  the 
mouth  of  Stone  river,  Tennessee.    Vol.  18,  p.  1. 

Verbal,  March  20,  on  a  large  phalanx  of  an  extinct  reptile  ;  and  stated  that  he  was  the 
first  to  discover  the  Trichina  spiralis  in  the  hog  (while  eating  a  slice  of  pork,  he  no- 
ticed some  minute  specks  which  recalled  to  mind  the  Trichina  spots  seen  in  the  mus- 
cles of  a  human  subject  only  a  few  days  previously).    Vol.  18,  p.  9. 

Verbal,  May  22,  that  in  the  salt  mine  of  the  Island  of  Petite  Anse,  La.,  were  grains  of 
precious  garnet,  olivine,  bones  of  the  elephant,  etc.    Vol.  18,  p.  109. 

Verbal,  June  5,  in  reference  to  a  small  collection  of  fossils  from  Bangor,  Maine.  Vol. 
18.  p.  237. 

Verbal,  Oct.  23,  in  reference  to  molar  teeth  of  Mastodon  ohioticus.    Vol.  18,  p.  290. 

Verbal,  Dec.  4.  in  reference  to  Drepanodon  or  Machairodus  occidentalis,  fragments  of 
bones  of  which  were  shown.    Vol.  18,  p.  345. 

1867. 

Verbal,  June  25,  in  reference  to  Bison  antiquus.    Vol.  19,  p.  85. 
Verbal,  Sept.  10,  on  a  fos;il  skull  of  Georuys  bursarius.    Vol.  19,  p.  97. 


55 

Verbal,  Sept.  17,  on  a  fossil  skull  of  Castoroides  ohioensis.    Vol.  19,  p.  97. 

Verbal,  Oct.  1,  in  reference  to  specimens  of  black  hornstone  exhibited.    Vol.  19,  p.  125. 

1868. 

Verbal,  June  2,  that  some  Sombrero  guano  contains  niuety  per  cent,  of  phosphate  of 

lime.    Vol.  20,  p.  156. 
Notice  of  some  vertebrate  remains  from  Harden  County,  Texas.   Vol.  20,  pp.  174-6. 
Indications  of  an  Elotherium  in  California.    Vol.  20,  p.  177. 
Notice  of  some  reptilian  remains  from  Nevada.   Vol.  20,  pp.  177-8. 
Notice  of  some  vertebrate  remains  from  the  West  Indian  Islands.    Vol.  20,  pp.  178-80. 
Notice  of  some  remains  of  Horses.    Vol.  20,  p.  195. 
Notice  of  some  extinct  Cetaceans.   Vol.  20,  pp.  196-7. 
Remarks  on  a  jaw  fragment  of  Megalosaurus.   Vol.  20,  pp.  197-200. 
Remarks  on  Conosaurus  of  Gibbes.    Vol.  20,  pp.  200-2. 
Notice  of  American  species  Ptychodus.   Vol.  20,  pp.  205-8. 

Verbal,  Oct.  20,  that  he  found  the  stomach  of  a  shad  full  of  small  fishes.    Vol.  20,  p.  228. 
Notice  of  some  American  Leeches.    Vol.  20,  229-30. 
Notice  of  the  remains  of  extinct  Pachyderms,    Vol.  20,  pp.  230-2. 
Verbal,  Nov.  3,  in  reference  to  specimens  seemingly  of  coprolites  from  the  Huronian 

slates.    Vol.  20,  pp.  302-3. 
Verbal,  Nov.  3,  that  iridescence  in  opals  is  caused  by  strise,  6000  to  the  inch.    Vol.  20, 

p.  303. 
Verbal.  Dec.  1,  on  asterism  in  mica.    Vol.  20,  p.  313. 
Notice  of  some  remains  of  extinct  Insectivora.    Vol.  20,  p.  315. 

1869. 

Notice  of  some  extinct  vertebrates  from  Wyoming  and  Dakota.    Vol.  21,  pp.  63-7. 

1870. 

Verbal,  Jan.  4,  description  of  Megacerops  Coloradensis.    Vol.  22,  pp.  1,  2. 

Verbal,  Jan.  11,  remarks  on  Poicilopleuron  and  other  fossils  submitted  for  examination 
by  Prof.  Hayden.    Vol.  22,  pp.  3-5. 

Verbal,  March  1,  remarks  on  the  right  humerus  of  one  of  the  extinct  giant  Sloths  re- 
«  sembling  Mylodon  robustus,  and  on  Dromotherium  sylvestre,  submitted  for  exam- 
ination by  the  Smithsonian  Institution.    Vol.  22,  pp.  8,  9. 

Verbal,  March  8,  remarks  on  reptilian  remains  from  the  Cretaceous  formation  near  Fort 
Wallace,  Kansas,  described  by  Prof.  Cope  under  the  name  of  Elasmosaurus  platyu- 
rus.    Vol.  22,  p.  9. 

Verbal,  March  22,  observations  on  ichthyodorulites,  of  which  specimens  were  shown  ; 
on  a  metacarpal  bone  of  Megalonyx  Jeffersoni,  and  on  a  last  lower  grinder  of  Bison 
antiquus.    Vol.  22,  pp.  12-3. 

Verbal,  April  5,  remarks  on  Discosaurus  and  its  allies.    Vol.  22,  pp.  18-22. 

Verbal,  May  3,  description  of  the  internal  generative  organs  of  a  hog,  which  were  ex- 
hibited.   Vol.  22,  p.  65. 

Verbal,  May  17,  remarks  on  some  fossil  bones  from  the  Pliocene  formation  in  the  Mau- 
vaises  Terres  of  Dakota,  which  were  shown.    Vol.  22,  pp.  65-6. 

Verbal,  June  14,  observations  on  mammalian  fossil  remains,  submitted  for  examination, 


56 

from  Idaho,  from  Utah,   and  from  Oregon  ;   also,  on  Hadrosaurus  and  its  allies. 

Vol.  22,  pp.  66-9. 
Verbal,  June  21,  notice  of  two  fossil  fragments  .belonging  to  Bison  americanus  and  Ele- 

phas  americanus.     Vol.  22,  pp.  69-71. 
Verbal,  July  5,  remarks  on  differences  between  animals  of  the  same  species  inhabiting 

Europe  and  America.    Vol.  22,  p.  72. 
Verbal,  July  12,  remarks  on  a  mutilated  portion  of  the  lower  jaw  of  a  large  ruminant 

supposed  to  belong  to  Ovibos  cavifrons.    Vol.  22,  p.  73. 
Verbal,  July  19,  observations  on  a  fossil,  which  he  exhibited  and  named  Nothosaurus 

occiduus.    Vol.  22,  p.  74. 
Verbal,  Aug.  2,  description  of  Xephelis  punctata,  a  new  leech.    Vol.  22,  pp.  89-90. 
Verbal,  Sept.  20,  account  of  a  fossil  crocodile,  which  he  named  Crocodilus  Elliotti  ;  re- 
marks on  Urnatella  and  Mauayuukia.    Vol.  22,  pp.  100-2. 
Verbal,  Oct.  4,  reference  to  a  small  collection  of  fossils  from  Wyoming,  most  of  which 

pertain  to  Merycochosrus.    Vol.  22,  pp.  109-10. 
Verbal,  Oct.  18,  remarks  on  some  fossil  remains  which  belong  to  Oreodon.    Vol.  22, 

pp.  111-3. 
Verbal,  Oct.  25,  observations  in  reference  to  several  boxes  of  fossils  from  Fort  Bridger, 

among  which  were  Microsus  cuspidatus  and  Notharctus  tenebrosus,  etc.    Vol.  22, 

p.  113. 
Verbal,  Nov.  1,  notice  of  Graphiodon  vincarius.    Vol.  22,  p.  122. 
Verbal,  Nov.  8,  descriptions  of  fossil  species :    Emys  Jeanesi,  Emys  Haydeni,  Baena 

arenosa,  Saniwa  ensidens.    Vol.  22,  pp.  123-4. 
Verbal,  Nov.  15,  observations  on  fossils  submitted  for  examination  by  Prof.  J.  D.  Whitney, 

among  which  are  fragments  representative  of  the  llama,  camel,  Hipparion  and  Pro- 

tohippus.    Vol.  22,  pp.  125-7. 

1871. 

Verbal,  Feb.  6,  remarks  on  fossil  bones  from  California.    Vol.  23,  p.  50. 

Verbal,  March  21,  notice  of  Teenia  canallata.    Vol.  23,  p.  53. 

Verbal,  April  18,  observations  ou  extinct  turtles  from  Wyoming.    Vol.  23,  p.  102. 

Verbal,  May  9,  remarks  on  polydactylism  in  a  horse.    Vol.  23,  p.  112. 

Verbal,  May  16,  observations  on  some  fossil  remains  of  Mastodon  and  horse  in  North 
Carolina;  and  of  mammals  from  Wyoming.    Vol.  23,  pp.  113-6. 

Verbal,  June  5,  on  fossil  Testudo  of  Wyoming  ;  on  supposed  fossil  turtle  eggs ;  and  on  gar- 
nets from  Green's  creek,  Delaware  Co.,  Pa.    Vol.  23,  pp.  154-5. 

Verbal,  July  4,  on  some  fossils  from  Fort  Bridger.    Vol.  23,  p.  197. 

Verbal,  Aug.  1,  on  Mastodon  remains  from  California ;  on  Anchitherium.  Vol.  23, 
pp.  198-9. 

Verbal,  Aug.  8,  on  fossil  vertebrates  from  Wyoming.    Vol.  23,  pp.  228-9. 

Verbal,  Aug.  29,  on  extinct  Rodents.    Vol.  23,  pp.  130-2. 

Verbal,  Oct.  10,  on  the  minerals  of  Mount  Mica.    Vol.  23,  pp.  245-7. 

Verbal,  Oct.  17,  on  fossils  from  Oregon.    Vol.  23,  pp.  247-8. 

Verbal,  Nov.  21,  on  the  communication  of  contagion  by  flies.    Vol.  23,  p.  297. 

Verbal,  Dec.  12,  on  several  worms.    Vol.  23,  pp.  305-7. 


57 

1872. 

Verbal,  Jan.  2,  that  Dr.  C.  S.  Turnbull  had  found  a  mite  on  the  membrana  tympani  of  an 

ox.    Vol.  24,  p.  9.    Named  Gamasus  auris,  p.  138. 
Verbal,  Feb.  4,  notices  of  Corundum,  and  of  fossils  from  Wyoming.    Vol.  24,  pp.  19-21. 
Verbal,  April  2,  in  reference  to  extinct  mammals  from  the  Tertiary  of  Wyoming.    Vol. 

24,  p.  37. 
Verbal,  April  9,  in  reference  to  fossils  from  Niobrara  river.    Vol.  24,  p.  38. 
Verbal,  June  11,  in  reference  to  a  Mastodon  of  New  Mexico.    Vol.  24,  p.  142. 
Verbal,  July  2,  on  the  genus  Chisternon  and  some  Cretaceous  fishes.    Vol.  24,  pp.  162-3. 
Verbal,  July  9,  on  Artemia  Salina  from  Salt  Lake,  Utah  ;  and  on  fossil  shark-teeth.    Vol. 

24,  pp.  164-6. 
Letter  dated  Fort  Bridger,  Uinta  Co.,  Wyoming,  July  24, 1872,  from  Dr.  Leidy  to  Mr.  G. 

W.  Tryon,  Jr.,  in  reference  to  fossil  mammals  found  there.    Vol.  24,  pp.  167-9.* 
Verbal,  Sept.  3,  in  reference  to  ants  observed  at  Fort  Bridger.    Vol.  24,  p.  218. 
Verbal,  Sept.  10,  about  mineral  springs  in  Wyoming  and  Utah.    Vol.  24,  pp.  218-20. 
Verbal,  Oct.  1,  in  reference  to  a  recently  opened  corundum  mine  in  Chester  Co.,  Pa. 

Vol.  24,  pp.  238-9. 
Verbal,  Oct.  15,  in  reference  to  Uintatherium  and  other  fossil  remains ;   to  chipped 

stones  ;  a  stone  implement ;  and  to  the  action  of  sand  and  wind  on  rocks  of  Wyo- 
ming.   Vol.  24,  pp.  240-3. 
Verbal,  Nov.  5,  notice  of  fossils  from  Wyoming.    Vol.  24,  pp.  267-8. 
Verbal,  Dec.  10,  notices  of  fossils  from  Wyoming.    Vol.  24,  pp.  277-8. 

1873. 

Verbal,  Jan.  21,  notice  of  fossil  vertebrates  from  Virginia.    Vol.  25,  p.  15. 

Verbal,  Feb.  4,  notice  of  remains  of  fishes  in  the  Bridger  Tertiary  formation.    Vol.  25, 
pp.  97-9. 

Verbal,  March  18,  notice  of  an  extinct  hog  found  in  the  Pliocene  sands  of  Niobrara 
river.    Vol.  25,  p.  207. 

Verbal,  April  1,  notices  of  bituminous  coal  from  Westmoreland,  Pa. ;  of  a  black  rat ;  and 
of  a  specimen  of  iron  ore.    Vol.  25,  p.  257. 

Verbal,  April  15,  notices  of  extinct  mammals  of  California.    Vol.  25,  pp.  259-60. 

Verbal,  April  22,  notice  of  a  fungus  parasite  on  a  mouse.    Vol.  25,  p.  260. 

Verbal,  Oct.  14,  notice  of  Distoma  hepaticum.    Vol.  25,  p.  364. 

Verbal,  Dec.  9,  notice  of  Lingula  found  in  the  stomach  of  a  fish  taken  in  the  Susque- 
hanna river.    Vol.  25,  p.  215. 

Verbal,  Dec.  16,  notice  of  fossil  elephant  teeth.    Vol.  25,  pp.  216-7. 

Verbal,  Dec.  23,  notice  of  intercellular  circulation  in  plants,  as  in  Vaucheria.    Vol.  25r 
p.  420. 

1874. 

Verbal,  Jan.  13,  notice  of  Hydra,  Vol.  26,  p.  10. 

Verbal,  Feb.  3,  notice  of  Protozoa.    Vol.  26,  pp.  13-5. 

Verbal,  Feb.  17,  on  the  mode  of  growth  of  Desmids.    Vol.  26,  p.  15. 

Verbal,  March  24,  on  Actinophrys.    Vol.  26,  pp.  23-4. 

*  Dr.  Leidy  sent  a  copy  of  this  letter  to  The  American  Jour,  of  Science  and  Arts,  be- 
cause in  it  he  referred  to  Elasmosaurus  platyurus,  Cope. 


58 

Verbal,  April  21,  on  the  enemies  of  Difflugia;  and  on  a  supposed  compound  derived 

from  leather.    Vol.  26,  p.  75. 
Verbal,  May  12,  notice  of  some  new  fresh-water  Rhizopods.    Vol.  26,  pp.  77-9. 
Verbal,  June  16,  observations  on  some  fresh-water  and  terrestrial  Rhizopods.    Vol.  26, 

pp.  86-9. 
Verbal,  Aug.  25,  observations  on  Pectinatella  magnifica ;  on  a  parasitic  worm  which 

infests  the  house-fly ;  and  on  some  fresh-water  Infusoria.    Vol.  26,  pp.  139-40. 
Verbal,  Sept.  8,  notice  of  a  remarkable  Amoeba ;  its  process  or  mode  of  swallowing. 

Vol.  26,  pp.  162-3. 
Verbal,  Sept.  15,  on  the  motive  power  of  Diatomes.    Vol.  26,  p.  1-13. 
Verbal,  Sept.  22,  on  sponges.    Vol.  26,  p.  141. 
Verbal,  Oct.  5,  notice  of  some  Rhizopods.    Vol.  26,  pp.  155-7. 
Verbal,  Oct.  20,  notice  of  Dryocampa.    Vol.  26,  p.  160. 
Verbal,  Nov.  10,  notices   of  remains  of  Titanotherium  ;   on  supposed  spermaries  in 

Amoeba  ;  and  of  Rhizopods.    Vol.  26,  pp.  165-8. 
Verbal,  Dec.  15,  notice  of  some  fossils  presented.    Vol.  26,  p.  223. 
Verbal,  Dec.  22,  observations  on  Rhizopods.    Vol.  26,  pp.  225-7. 

1875. 

Verbal,  Jan.  19,  report  of  a  fungus  in  a  Flamingo.    Vol.  27,  p.  11. 

Verbal,  Feb.  2,  account  of  some  parasitic  worms.    Vol.  27,  pp.  14-5. 

Verbal,  Feb.  9,  notices  of  some  nematoid  worms.    Vol.  27,  pp.  17-8. 

Verbal,  March  16,  observations  on  marine  Rhizopods.    Vol.  27,  pp.  73-6. 

Verbal,  April  6,  observations  on  a  coal  fossil ;  on  elephant  remains  ;  and  on  Stephano- 

ceros.    Vol.  27,  pp.  120-2. 
Verbal,  April  20,  observations  on  a  curious  Rhizopod ;  on  Psorosperms  in  a  mallard  duck  ; 

on  a  mouthless  fish  ;  and  on  Ouramceba.    Vol.  27,  pp.  124-7. 
Verbal,  Sept.  7,  on  Merrnis  acuminata.    Vol.  27,  p.  400. 
Verbal,  Oct.  4,  observations  on  Rhizopods,  and  ou  Quercus  heterophylla.    Vol.  27,  pp. 

413-5.  » 

1876. 

Verbal,  Jan.  4,  observation  on  Petalodus.    Vol.  28,  p.  9. 

Verbal,  March  21,  notice  of  Mastodon  andium.    Vol.  28,  p.  38. 

Verbal,  April  11,  remarks  on  Arcella.    Vol.  28,  pp.  54-8. 

Verbal,  May  9,  remarks  on  fossils  from  the  Ashley  phosphate  beds.    Vol.  28,  pp.  80-1. 

Verbal,  June  20,  observations  on  vertebrate  fossils  from  South  Carolina.    Vol.  28,  p.  114. 

Verbal,  June  27,  remarks  on  the  rhizopod  genus  Nebela.    Vol.  28,  pp.  115-9. 

Verbal,  Oct.  10,  on  the  structure  of  precious  opal ;  and  on  Rhizopods.    Vol.  28,  pp.  195-9. 

Verbal,  Dec.  5,  remarks  on  Ozocerite  and  Hyraceum.    Vol.  28,  pp.  325-6. 

1877. 

Verbal,  Jan.  30,  on  the  present  contamination  of  the  drinking  water ;  on  Eozoon  cana- 
dense ;  and  an  instance  in  which  the  dome  of  the  human  diaphragm  was  elevated 
to  a  level  of  the  anterior  extremity  of  the  first  rib.    Vol.  29,  p.  20. 

Verbal,  April  3,  remarks  on  the  yellow  ant.    Vol.  29,  p.  145. 

Verbal,  May  15,  remarks  on  gregarines.    Vol.  29,  pp.  196-8. 


59 

Verbal,  May  29,  in  reference  to  flukes  which  infest  common  fresh-water  rnollusks.    Vol. 

29,  pp.  200-2. 
Verbal,  June  12,  on  parasitic  Infusoria.    Vol.  29,  pp.  259-60. 
Verbal,  June  19,  remarks  on  seventeen-year  locust,  the  Hessian  fly  and  a  Chelifer.    Vol. 

29,  pp.  260-1. 
Verbal,  June  26,  account  of  the  birth  of  a  Rhizopod.    Vol.  29,  pp.  261-5. 
Verbal,  Sept.  4,  remarks  on  the  bedbug  and  its  allies.    Vol.  29,  p.  284. 
Verbal,  Oct.  2,  account  of  the  Dinamoeba's  mode  of  feeding.    Vol.  29,  pp.  28S-90. 
Verbal,  Oct.  9,  remarks  on  the  discrimination  of  a  Heliozoon  in  selecting  food.    Vol.  29, 

pp.  291-2. 
Verbal,  Oct.  23,  remarks  on  Rhizopods,  and  on  fossil  fishes.    Vol.  29,  pp.  293-4. 
Verbal,  Nov.  13,  remarks  on  ants.    Vol.  29,  p.  304. 

Verbal,  Nov.  27,  remarks  on  the  American  species  of  Difflugia.    Vol.  29,  p.  306. 
Verbal,  Dec.  18,  notice  of  Rhizopods  in  an  apple  tree.    Vol.  29,  p.  321. 

1878. 

Verbal,  Feb.  19,  remarks  on  citrine  or  yellow  quartz.    Vol.  30,  p.  40. 

Verbal,  March  5,  on  the  tusk  of  hippopotamus  ;  and  on  Amoeba.    Vol.  30,  p.  99. 

Verbal,  March  26,  remarks  on  lice  found  on  the  pelican.    Vol.  30,  p.  100. 

Verbal,  May  14,  about  parasitic  worms  of  the  shad.    Vol.  30,  p.  171.  • 

Verbal,  Aug.  27,  that  he  had  found  Foraminifera  in  the  sand  about  Cape  May,  Atlantic 

City,  etc.    Vol.  30,  p.  292. 
Verbal,  Sept.  3,  remarks  on  the  black  mildew  of  walls.    Vol.  30,  p.  331. 
Verbal,  Oct.  1,  on  foraminiferous  shells  on  the  New  Jersey  coast.    Vol.  30,  p.  336. 
Verbal,  Oct.  8,  remarks  on  Crustaceans  of  Cape  May.    Vol.  30,  p.  336. 
Verbal,  Oct.  15,  notice  of  Tetrarhynchus.    Vol.  30,  p.  340. 
Verbal,  Nov.  12,  on  Donax  fossor.    Vol.  30,  p.  382. 

Verbal,  Nov.  19,  notice  of  the  Gordius  in  the  cockroach  and  leech.    Vol.  30,  p.  383. 
Verbal,  Dec.  3,  on  Taenia mediocanallata.    Vol.  30,  p.  405. 

1879. 

Verbal,  Jan.  28,  on  Gordius  ;  and  on  parasites  of  the  rat.    Vol.  31,  pp.  10-1. 

Verbal,  Feb.  4,  remarks  on  fossil  remains  of  a  Caribou.    Vol.  31,  pp.  42-3. 

Verbal,  Feb.  18,  remarks  on  Bothriocephalus  latus.    Vol.  31,  p.  40. 

Verbal,  June  17,  statement  in  reference  to  Rhizopods  in  Sphagnum.    Vol.  31,  pp.  162-3. 

Verbal,  July  8,  notice  of  fossil  foot-tracks  in  the  anthracite  coal  measures.    Vol.  31,  pp. 

164-5. 
Verbal,  July  22,  account  of  the  explosion  of  a  diamond.    Vol.  31,  p.  195. 
Verbal,  Sept.  5,  remarks  about  some  small  animals  on  the  coast  of  New  Jersey.    Vol. 

31,  p.  198. 
Verbal,  Sept.  30,  on  Cristatella  Idae.    Vol.  31,  p.  203. 
Verbal,  Oct.  7,  on  the  Amoeba  Blattse.    Vol.  31,  pp.  204-5. 

1880. 

Verbal,  Jan.  20,  remarks  on  specimens  of  Filaria  immitis  of  the  dog.    Vol.  32,  pp.  10-2. 
Verbal,  March  2,  remarks  on  a  species  of  Filaria,  alleged  to  have  been  drawn  from  a 
man.    Vol.  32,  pp.  130-1. 


60 

Verbal,  April  13,  notices  of  pond  life  near  Woodbury,  N.  J.    Vol.  32,  pp.  156-3. 
Rhizopods  in  the  mosses  of  the  summit  of  Roan  mountain,  North  Carolina.    Vol.  32, 

pp.  333-10. 
Verbal,  Sept.  21,  account  of  a  visit  to  a  bone  cave  near  Stroudsburg,  Pa.    Vol.  32,  pp. 

346-9. 

1881. 

Verbal,  Jan.  4,  notice  that  Rhizopods  are  eaten  by  young  fishes.    Vol.  33,  pp.  9-10. 

1883. 

Verbal,  Jan.  3,  remarks  on  some  rock  specimens.    Vol.  31,  pp.  10-2. 

Verbal,  Feb.  7,  notice  of  Filaria  in  black  bass.    Vol.  34,  p.  69. 

Verbal,  Feb.  28,  remarks  on  his  collection  of  Tourmalines,  which  he  exhibited.  Vol. 
34,  pp.  71-3. 

Verbal,  March  7,  notice  of  Balanoglossus  aurantiacus ;  and  of  Scolithus.    Vol.  34,  p.  93. 

Verbal,  April  4,  remarks  on  Sagitta.    Vol.  34,  p.  102. 

Verbal,  May  2,  remarks  on  some  Eutozoa  found  in  birds ;  also  on  a  coprolite  and  a  peb- 
ble resembling  an  Indian  hammer.    Vol.  31,  pp.  109-10. 

Verbal,  May  23,  remarks  on  Bacillus  anthracis  ;  on  Enchytraeus,  Distichopus  and  their 
•   parasites.    Vol.  34,  pp.  145-8. 

Verbal,  May  30,  notice  of  the  yellow  ant.    Vol.  34,  p.  148. 

Verbal,  Sept.  5,  remarks  on  Balanus.    Vol.  34,  p.  221-5. 

Verbal,  Sept.  26,  remarks  on  a  collection  of  tobacco  worms,  which  he  exhibited.  Vol. 
24,  pp.  237-8. 

Verbal,  Oct.  17,  notice  of  a  new  species  of  Pyxicola.    Vol.  34,  pp.  252-3. 

Verbal,  Oct.  31,  remarks  on  Actinosphcerium  EichornLL    Vol.  34,  p.  260. 

Verbal,  Nov.  7,  notice  of  topaz  and  biotite.    Vol.  31,  p.  261. 

Verbal,  Nov.  14,  on  Actinosphserium,  and  Tubularia  crocea.    Vol.  34,  pp.  261-2. 

Verbal,  Dec.  12,  remarks  on  fossil  remains  of  horses.    Vol.  34,  pp.  290-1. 

Verbal,  Dec.  19,  remarks  on  an  extinct  peccary.    Vol.  31,  pp.  301-2. 

1883. 

Verbal,  Feb.  12,  remarks  on  the  reproduction  of  Anodonta  fluviatilis  and  its  parasites. 

[Vol.  35],  pp.  41-6. 
Verbal,  April  24,  remarks  on  a  social  Heliozoan.    [Vol  35],  pp.  95-6. 
Manayunkia  speciosa.    [Vol.  35],  pp.  201-12,  24  figures. 
Verbal,  Dec.  11,  notice  of  a  fungus  infesting  flies  ;  and  remarks  on  Manayunkia.    [Vol. 

35],  p.  302. 

1884. 

Verbal,  Jan.  1,  notice  of  an  ant  infested  by  a  fungus ;  and  of  Cassiterite  from  Dakota. 

[Vol.  36],  p.  9. 
Verbal,  Jan.  16,  account  of  the  effects  of  the  storm,  Jan.  8,  on  marine  animals  of  the 

New  Jersey  coast.    [Vol.  36],  pp.  12-3. 
Verbal,  Jan.  29,  remarks  on  a  collection  of  fossil  bones  from  Louisiana  ;.  and  on  Fora- 

minifera  in  the  drift  of  Minnesota.    [Vol.  35],  p.  22. 
Verbal,  Feb.  26,  notice  of  Distoma  and  Filaria.    [Vol.  35],  p.  47. 


61 

Verbal,  March  4,  reference  to  Dictyophora  and  Apsilus  vorax.    [Vol.  35 J,  p.  50. 
Verbal,  March  18,  notice  of  Eumeces  chalcides.    [Vol.  35],  p.  66. 
Verbal,  April  22,  remarks  on  vertebrate  fossils  from  Florida.    Vol.  35,  pp.  118-9. 
Verbal,  May  6,  account  of  a  rare  human  tapeworm.    [Vol.  35],  p.  137. 
Verbal,  May  13,  description  of  Pentastomum  proboscideum.    [Vol.  351,  p.  140. 
Verbal,  Oct.  28,  notice  of  living  organisms  found  in  ice.    [Vol.  35],  p.  260. 

1885. 

Verbal,  Jan.  13,  notice  of  parasitic  worms  found  in  birds.    [Vol.  36],  pp.  9-11. 

Verbal,  March  10,  notice  of  fossil  remains  of  Rhinoceros  and  Hypotherium  from  Florida. 

[Vol.  36],  pp.  32-3. 
Verbal,  March  24,  remarks  on  fossil  Mylodon.    [Vol.  36],  pp.  49-51. 
Verbal,  May  19,  notice  of  Bothriocephalus  in  a  trout.    [Vol.  36],  pp.  122-3. 
Verbal,  Dec.  22,  notice  of  living  worms  in  ice ;  Lumbricus  glacialis.    [Vol.  36],  p.  408. 

1886. 

Verbal,  Jan.  19,  remarks  on  fossil  bones  of  Mastodon  and  Llama  from  Florida.    [Vol. 

36],  p.  11. 
Verbal,  Feb.  23,  description  of  an  extinct  boar  from  Florida  ;  and  notice  of  caries  in  the 

Mastodon.    [Vol.  36],  pp.  37-8. 
Verbal,  March  23,  notice  of  Amia  and  its  probable  Taenia.    [Vol.  36],  pp.  62-3. 
Verbal,  June  1,  notice  of  Toxodon  and  other  remains    from  Nicaragua.    [Vol.  36], 

pp.  275-7. 
Notices  of  Nematoid  worms.    [Vol.  36],  pp.  308-13. 

1887. 

Notice  of  some  parasitic  worms.    [Vol.  37],  pp.  20-4. 

Verbal,  Feb.  1,  notice  of  a  parasite  of  a  bat.    [Vol.  37],  p.  38. 

Verbal,  May  31,  notice  of  Asplanchna  Ebbesbornii.    [Vol.  37],  p.  157. 

Verbal,  Oct.  11,  remarks  on  fossil  bones  from  Florida.    [Vol.  37],  pp.  309-10. 

Verbal,  Oct.  25,  remarks  on  Hydra.    Vol.  37,  pp.  310-3. 

Verbal,  Dec.  13,  remarks  on  the  bot -larvae  of  the  terrapin.    [Vol.  37],  pp.  393-4. 

1888. 

Verbal,  Jan.  10,  remarks  on  a  fossil  of  the  Puma.  [Vol.  38],  pp.  9-10. 
Verbal,  Feb.  14,  notice  of  Cheetopterus  from  Florida.  [Vol.  38^,  p.  73. 
Verbal,  Feb.  28,  notice  of  Lepas  fascicularis  ;  and  of  a  tapeworm  in  a  cucumber.    [Vol. 

38],  pp.  80-1. 
Verbal,  March  20,  notice  of  the  habit  of  Cirolana  concharum ;  and  remarks  on  parasites 

of  the  striped  bass.    [Vol.  38],  pp.  124-5. 
Verbal,  March,  27,  notice  of  the  Trematodes  of  the  muskrat ;  remarks  on  Entozoa  of  the 

terrapin.    [Vol.  38],  pp.  126-8. 
Verbal,  April  3,  notice  of  a  Crustacean  parasite  of  the  red  snapper.    [Vol.  38],  p.  138. 
Distinctive  characters  of  Odontapsis  littoralis.    [Vol.  38],  pp.  162-4. 
Parasitic  Crustacea.    Vol.  38,  p.  165. 
Verbal,  May  1,  notice  of  parasites  of  the  Roekfish ;  and  of  the  louse  of  the  Pelican. 

[Vol.  38],  pp.  166-8. 


62 

Verbal,  May  8,  notice  of  the  parasites  of  the  Pickerel.    [Vol.  38],  p.  169. 
Verbal,  Oct.  2,  notice  of  anomalies  of  the  human  skull.    [Vol.  38],  p.  273. 
Verbal,  Nov.  27,  remarks  on  the  fauna  of  Beach  Haven,  N.  J.    [Vol.  38],  pp.  329-33. 
Verbal,  Dec.  11,  notice  of  the  food  of  barnacles.    [Vol.  38],  p.  431. 

1889. 

Verbal,  Jan.  1,  remarks,  with  illustrations,  on  several  gregarines,  and  a  singular  mode  of 

conjugation  of  one  of  them.    [Vol.  39],  pp.  9-11. 
Verbal,  Feb.  19,  remarks  on  a  fossil  remnant  of  the  sabre-tooth  tiger  from  Florida.    [Vol. 

39],  pp.  29-31. 
Verbal,  March  5,  notice  of  Gonyleptes  and  Solpuga.    [Vol.  39],  p.  15. 
The  Boring  Sponge,  Cliona.    [Vol.  39],  pp.  70-5. 
Verbal,  April  16,  notice  of  a  parasitic  Copepod.    [Vol.  391,  p.  95. 
Verbal,  April  23.  remarks  on  fossil  vertebrates  from  Florida.    [Vol.  39],  pp.  96-7. 

1890. 

Verbal,  March  4,  notice  of  Hypoderas  in  the  Little  Blue  Heron;  and  of  an  ichneumon 

fly.    [Vol.  39],  p.  63. 
Verbal,  March  25,  remarks  on  fossil  vertebrates  from  Florida.    [Vol.  39],  p.  64. 
Verbal,  May  20,  remarks  on  Hippotherium  and  Rhinoceros  from  Florida.    [Vol.  39J, 

pp.  182-3. 
Verbal,  May  27,  remarks  on   Mastodon  and  Capybara  of  South  Carolina.    [Vol.  39], 

pp.  1S4-5. 
Verbal,  Sept.  23,  remarks  on  Ticks.    [Vol.  39],  pp.  278-80. 
Verbal,  Sept.  30,  notice  of  parasites  of  Mola  rotunda.    [Vol.  39],  pp.  281-2. 
Verbal,  Oct.  7,  notice  of  Beroe  on  the  New  Jersey  coast.    [Vol.  39],  p.  341. 
Notices  of  Entozoa.    [Vol.  39],  pp.  410-8. 
Verbal,  Nov.  11,  notice  of  Velella.    [Vol.  39J,  p.  408. 

1891. 

Verbal,  Feb.  17,  notice  of  the  Boring  Sponge  of  the  Oyster.    [Vol.  40],  p.  122. 
Notice  of  some  Entozoa.    [Vol.  40],  pp.  234-6. 

Dr.  Leidy  presided  for  the  last  time  at  the  meeting  of  April  14. 

Many  of  the  above  communications  were  copied  by  foreign  and  domestic  periodicals, 
and  the  substance  of  many  of  them  he  included  in  elaborate  essays  on  the  same  sub- 
jects. 

Transactions  of  the  Wagner  Free  Institute  of  Science  of  Philadelphia. 
[Small  Quarto.] 
Notice  of  some  fossil  human  bones.    Vol.  2,  pp.  9-12,  2  plates,  Dec,  1889. 
Description  of  Mammalian  remains  from  a  rock  crevice  in  Florida.    Vol.  2.  pp.  15-7,  2 

plates,  Dec,  1889. 
Description  of  Vertebrate  remains  from  Peace  Creek,  Florida.    Vol.  2,  pp.  19-31,  2  plates, 

Dec,  1889. 
Notice  of  some  Mammalian  remains  from  the  salt  mine  of  Petite  Anse,  Louisiana.    Vol. 

2,  pp.  33-40, 1  plate,  Dec,  18S9. 


63 

On  Platygonus,  an  extinct  genus  allied  to  the  Peccaries.    Vol.  2,  pp.  41-50,  Dec,  1889. 
Remarks  on  the  nature  of  Organic  Species.    Vol.  2,  pp.  51-3. 

Miscellaneous. 

Notice  of  the  formation  of  some  crystalline  bodies  in  Collodion.  Amer.  Jour.  Phar- 
macy, Vol.  16,  pp.  24-6,  1850. 

Remarks  on  some  curious  Sponges.  American  Naturalist,  Vol.  4,  pp.  17-22, 12  figures, 
1871. 

In  Science  : 

Study  of  the  temporal  hone.  Illustrated.  Vol.  1,  Part  1,  pp.  380-5;  Part  2,  pp,  475-7; 
Part  3,  pp.  506-7, 1883. 

Crystals  in  the  bark  of  trees.  Illustrated.  Vol.  2,  pp.  707-8, 1883.  Manayunkia  is  no- 
ticed p.  762. 

The  Journal  of  Comparative  Medicine  and  Surgery.    [Dr.  Leidy  was  one  of  its 
collaborators  in  the  department  of  Comparative  Anatomy  and  Physiology]  : 
Tapeworm  in  Birds.    Vol.  8,  pp.  1-11,  27  figures,  Jan.,  1887. 
Parasites  of  the  Shad  and  Herring.    Vol.  9,  pp.  211-5,  July,  1888. 

Addresses  by  Dr.  Joseph  Leidy. 

A  lecture  introductory  to  the  Course  of  Anatomy,  delivered  in  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, 1853.    8vo,  pp.  22. 

Valedictory  address  to  the  class  of  medical  graduates  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
March  27, 1858.    8vo,  pp.  32. 

Lecture  introductory  to  the  Course  of  Anatomy  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  for 
the  session  1858-9.    8vo,  pp.  24. 

Introductory  lecture  to  the  Course  of  Anatomy  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Oct. 
11, 1859.    8vo,  pp.  23. 

An  address  on  Evolution  and  the  pathological  importance  of  the  lower  forms  of  Life, 
delivered  before  the  graduating  class  of  the  Medical  Department  of  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania,  May  1, 1886.  Reprinted  from  the  Therapeutic  Gazette  for  June  15, 
1886.    8vo,  pp.  21.    George  S.  Davis,  Detroit,  Mich.,  1886. 

Biographical  Notices. 

Biographical  Notice  of  Joseph  Leidy,  M.D.  By  Joseph  Parrish,  M.D.  In  the  New  Jersey 
Medical  Reporter  and  Transactions  of  the  New  Jersey  Medical  Society,  Burlington, 
N.J.    Sept.  30, 1853.    [Approved  by  Dr.  Leidy.] 

Sketch  of  Joseph  Leidy.  By  Edward  J.  Nolan.  The  Popular  Science  Monthly,  Sept., 
1880.    [Approved  by  Dr.  Leidy.] 

Biographical  Sketch  of  Joseph  Leidy,  M.D.    International  Clinics,  July,  1891. 

In  Memoriam.  Dr.  Joseph  Leidy.  Personal  History.  Read  at  the  Academy  of  Natu- 
ral Sciences,  May  12, 1891.    By  William  Hunt,  M.D. 

Memoir  of  Joseph  Leidy,  M.D.,  LL.D.  By  Henry  C.  Chapman,  M.D.,  Professor  of  the 
Institutes  of  Medicine  in  the  Jefferson  Medical  College.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  of 
Phila.,  June  30, 1891. 


64 

An  Address  upon  Joseph  Leidy,  M.D.,  LL.D.  His  University  Career.  By  William 
Hunt,  M.D.  Delivered  Nov.  17, 1891,  before  the  alumni  and  students  of  the  Medical 
Department  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

Brief  biographical  notices  of  Dr.  Leidy  may  be  found  in  the  following  works  : 

A  Critical  Dictionary  of  English  Literature.    By  S.  Austin  Allibone.    1870. 

A  Supplement  to  Allibone's  Critical  Dictionary  of  English  Literature.    1891. 

Dictionary  of  American  Biography.    By  Francis  S.  Drake.    Boston,  1872. 

Appleton's  American  Cyclopsedia,  or  Popular  Dictionary.    New  York,  1878. 

Johnson's  New  Universal  Encyclopsedia.    New  York,  1878. 

The  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  the  United  States.     By  William  B.  Atkinson,  1873. 

Also  in  Second  Edition,  1880. 
A  Biographical  Dictionary  of  Contemporary  American  Physicians  and  Surgeons.    By 

William  B.  Atkinson,  1880. 
Universal  Pronouncing  Dictionary  of  Biography.     By  Joseph  Thomas,  M.D.,  LL.D. 

Philadelphia,  1886. 
Men  of  the  Times.    London,  1887. 
Appleton's  Encyclopaedia  of  American  Biography.    New  York,  loS7. 


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